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Animal Science U2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the impact of reproduction | It is the primary driver for profitability in animal production |
| Reproduction is essential for species: | Survival and production |
| A 3% increase in birthrate yields (per year) will cause around ____ increase in beef calves | 1 million |
| A 3% increase in birthrate yields (per year) will cause around ____ increase in swine | 900k |
| A 3% increase in birthrate yields (per year) will cause around ____ increase in beef calves | 1 million |
| A 3% increase in birthrate yields (per year) will cause around ____ increase in swine | 900k |
| A 3% increase in birthrate yields (per year) will cause around ____ increase in gallons of milk produced | 6.8 billion |
| Endocrinology | The study of glands and hormones |
| List the three main parts of the neuroendocrine control system related to animal reproduction. | Hypothalamus, pituitary, gonads |
| What does the hypothamis release | GnRH |
| What does GnRH mean? | Gonadotropin- releasing- hormone |
| Reproduction is controlled by the | Hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal-axis (HPGA) |
| What is HPGA | The hypothalmic-pituitary-gonadal-axis |
| The __________ system contains many smaller pathway systems like the HPGA and HPA | Neuroendocrine |
| What does the hypothalamus do | Controls homeostasis in the body and releases GnRH |
| When does the hypothalamus release GnRH | At regular intervals but especially before ovulation in females |
| What does the pituitary do | It releases LH and FSH in response to GnRH |
| Male and female gonads | Testis and ovaries |
| What does the pituitary release | LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follical stimulating hormone) |
| LH | Luteinizing hormone |
| FSH | Follicle-stimulating hormone |
| What are the two lobes of the pituitary | Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis |
| Adenohypophysis lobe | Anterior lobe |
| Neurohypophysis lobe | Posterior lobe |
| Adenohypophysis purpose | Hormone secreting |
| Neurohypophysis purpose | Stores and releases hormones |
| Male and femaile gametes | Sperm and egg/Oocyte |
| Oocyte | Egg |
| Functions of gonads | Steroidogenesis and gametes |
| 3 influencing factors of gonad function | Age, nutrition, postpartum interval (time since last pregnancy) |
| Puberty | Transition from immature to mature reproctive state |
| Physiological markers of puberty | Mammary development, humps on bull, antlers on deer |
| Secondary sex characteristics | Physiological traits and behavioral traits |
| Physiological markers of puberty | Marking, mounting, vocalization |
| Factors influencing puberty | Genetics, nutrition, season, male exposure |
| Bos taurus | Cold tolerant, smaller, grows quicker |
| Bos indicus | Heat tolerant, larger, grows slower but lives longer |
| Female reproductive organs in order | Vulva>vagina>cervix>uterus>uterine horns>oviduct>ovary |
| 3 function of the female reproductive system | Transports gametes and embryo, enviroment for fertilization and preganacy, birth canal at parturition |
| Vulva | External opening of the reproductive tract, acts as a barrier to entry |
| Vagina | Copulatory organ, site of semen deposition |
| Cervix | Gatekeeper, barrier to foreign material, reservoir for semen |
| Uterine horn | Pathway for sperm and conceptus |
| Oviduct | Site of fertilization |
| Infundibulum | Catcher's mitt for ovulated oocyte |
| Ovary | Houses follicles; produces oocytes and hormones |
| Estrous cycle overview | A predictable pattern of reproductive events |
| What is the estrous cycle initiated by | Estrus |
| What is estrus | Sexual receptivity know as standing heat |
| What can interupt the estrous cycle | Pregnancy, eviromental cues, management intervention |
| Ovarian hormones | Estrogen and proesterone |
| Why might the estrous cycle matter in animal production | Determines breeding seasons, impacts heat detection and estrus management, guides use of AI |
| What are the three types of estrous cycle patterns | Polyestrus, seasonally polyestrus, monoestrus |
| What does polyestrus mean? | Having many cycles |
| What does seasonally polyestrus mean? | Many cycles during ceratin seasons |
| What does monoestrus mean? | Having one cycle |
| Polyestrus example | Cattle, swine |
| Seasonally polyestrus example | Sheep, goats, equine |
| Monoestrus example | Dogs |
| What animal need a male present to ovulate | Cats |
| What animal ovulates upon copulation and has no true cycle | Rabbits |
| Estrogen | Major female hormone: causes standing estrus behaviors, uterine growth, LH surge, and ovulation |
| Progesterone | Hormone of pregnancy: maintains uterine enviroment (that supports pregnancy), and supresses estrus |
| Corpus Luteum | Temporary ovarian structure, produces progesterone, if no pregnancy occurs it regresses (PGF2a) |
| What is luteolysis | The rapid regression and breakdown of the corpus luteum, it is caused by the release of PGF2a |
| What must be present in the reproductive tract to support pregnancy | The corpus luteum |
| What does Luteinizing Hormone do in females | Triggers ovulation, corpus luteum formation |
| What does Luteinizing Hormone do in males | Stimulates testosterone production |
| What does follicle-stimulating hormone do in females | Stimulates follicle growth and estrogen production |
| What does follicle-stimulating hormone do in males | Spermatogenesis |
| What is spermatogenesis | male germ cells develop into mature sperm cells |
| PGH2a | Prostaglandin F2Alpha |
| What is PGH2a's purpose | The primary luteolytic hormone that causes regression of the corpus luteum |
| Luteolytic | The process that breaks down and regresses the corpus luteum |
| What happens when the corpus luteum regresses | The estrous cycle restarts |
| What is the primary ovarian structure responsible for producing estrogen | The ovary (developing follicle) |
| The hypothalamus releases FSH and LH | False |
| Adenohypophysis | Hormone secreting lobe of the pituitary |
| Homeostatis | Equilibrium within the body |
| Puberty | Transition from mature to immature |
| Female gamete | Oocyte |
| Production of male gametes | Spermatogenesis |
| Puberty is based on chronological age | False |
| Which factor would likely delay the onset of puberty heifers a. reaching 65% of mature body weight before breeding b. exposture to mature males c. bos indicus genetics with slower maturity rates d. seasonal cycling in sheep and goats | Bos indicus genetics with slower maturity rates |
| The ________ is a reproductive structure known as the gateway to the uterus | Cervix |
| The hormone responsible for luteolysis (regression of the CL) is: | Prostagladin F2 alpha |
| In males LH acts on ______ cells to stimulate production of ________ | Leydig and testosterone |
| Sperm production occurs at how many degrees less than body temperature | 4-6 |
| Which of the following is the location of sperm production? | Seminiferous tubules |
| During the follicalar phase, which hormone is primarily responsibilty for stimulating estrus behavior | Estrogen |
| What cells does LH act on in males? | Leydig cells |
| What hormone does LH stimulate the Leydig cells to produce? | Testosterone |
| What is the role of LH in males? | LH stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone |
| Multiple Choice: Which cells are stimulated by LH to produce testosterone? A. Sertoli cells B. Leydig cells C. Sperm cells D. Germ cells | B |
| Where does sperm production occur? | In the seminiferous tubules |
| Where does sperm production occur? A. Leydig cells B. Seminiferous tubules C. Prostate gland D. Epididymis | B |
| What are the three main parts of a DNA nucleotide? | Deoxyribose, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base pair |
| What DNA stands for | Deoxyribonucleic acid |
| What are the two main groups of nitrogenous bases that form the building blocks of DNA and RNA? | Purines and pyrimidines |
| Which nitrogenous bases pair together in DNA? | Adenine pairs with thymine (A–T), and guanine pairs with cytosine (G–C). |
| What are the two groups of nitrogenous bases, and which bases belong to each group? | Purines: Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) Pyrimidines: Cytosine (C), Thymine (T) |
| During the follicular phase, which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating estrus behavior | Estrogen |
| If GnRH is blocked what other two hormones will fail to release | FSH and LH |
| This gonadotrophin hormone recruits multiple follicles, but only one becomes dominant | FSH |
| Why is estrus detection harder in cattle than swine | cattle have shorter (18 days), less intense behavioral signs |
| The biggest factor determining when a female hits puberty | Weight |
| What phenomenon is introduction to males to stimulate a females cycle | Boar and ram effect |
| The structure responsible for sperm maturation and storage before ejaculation is the | Epididymis |
| Approximately how long does spermatogenesis take? | 60 days |
| The process of producing and developing sperm cells. | Spermatogenesis |
| Relationship between progesterone and estrogen | Inverse |
| Two phases of estrous cycle | Follicular phase and luteal phase |
| The four stages of the estrous cycle | Proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus |
| The three main accessory sex glands that provide fluid to create semen are | the seminal vesicles (vesicular glands), the prostate gland, and the bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands) |
| What is genetics | The study of hereditary and variation of inherited characteristics |
| What is heredity | The process of passing on genetics from parents to offspring |
| What are the three laws of inheritance created by Gregor Mendel | the Law of Dominance, the Law of Segregation, and the Law of Independent Assortment |
| Organisms have two different versions of a gene for a trait, called alleles. The dominant allele masks the expression of the recessive allele. The dominant trait appears in the physical appearance even if only one copy is present. | the Law of Dominance |
| Alleles for a trait separate randomly during the formation of sex cells (gametes). Each gamete receives only one allele from the parent pair. Offspring then get one allele from each parent during fertilization. | Law of Segregation |
| Genes for different traits are passed on independently of each other. The allele a gamete gets for one gene does not change or influence the allele it gets for another gene. | Law of Independent Assortment |
| A producer wants to increase energy density without greatly increasing feed intake, what nutrient is most likely to be added? | Lipids |
| "Catchers mitt" | Infundibulum |
| What nutritional factor could be evaluated and adjusted most quickly to decrease cost levels if animals are already meeting weight gain? | Protien |
Created by:
Ljackson45
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