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WEEK 1:
Healthy balanced diet:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| glycaemic index | allows quantitative comparison (ranking) of blood glucose responses to ingestion of equivalent amounts of CHOs from different food relative to pure glucose (GI = 100) |
| diets with a higher GI | associated with greater risk of type 2 diabetes |
| roles of dietary fibre | bulking effect, speeds up colonic transit, cholesterol, and fermentation provides SCFAs (butyrate, acetate, and propionate) |
| role of vitamins | co factors in enzyme activity, antioxidants (prevent damage from free radicals), and pro hormone (only vitamin D) |
| fat soluble vitamins | A,D,E,K |
| water soluble vitamins | Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B12, Folate, Vitamin C |
| how much vitamin B needed in adults aged 19=64 | 1.5μg/day |
| vitamin B12 | cofactor for enzymes involved in normal function of nervous system, formation of RBC, metabolism of folate and has a role in energy production, and required for maintenance of normal blood homocysteine levels |
| vitamin B12 food sources | almost all foods of animal origin eg meat, fish, milk, eggs, and fortified breakfast cereals |
| folate | derivatives of pteryl glutamic acid |
| folic acid | synthetic form of folate |
| macrocytic (large cell anaemia) | when the deficiency of folate reduces the ability to make RBC (with vitamin B12) which carries oxygen |
| function of folate | essential in making RBC and DNA, normal cell division, normal structure of nervous sytem |
| folate food sources | green leafy vegetables, brown rice, peas, oranges, bananas and fortified breakfast cereals |
| how much folate needed in adults a day | 200 μg /day (except people planning a pregnancy) |
| toxicity of folate | few adverse effects, high intakes may mask vitamin B12 deficiency, excessive intakes can cause complications if taken with certain drugs |
| causes of vitamin B12/ folate deficiency | pernicious anaemia (autoimmune disease preventing absorption of vitamin B12), dietary deficiency (uncommon but can occur in those following a vegan diet), medicatiom (certain medicines eg anticonvulsants and PPIs affect absorption), NO abuse |
| symptoms of vitamin B12/ folate deficiency | Extreme tiredness, lack of energy, Paraesthesia, Sore/red tongue, Mouth ulcers, Muscle weakness, Disturbed vision, Psychological problems (including depression and confusion), and Problems with memory, understanding and judgement |
| treatments for vitamin B12/ folate deficiency | vitamin B12 supplements (oral or injection), folate (oral), and dietary modification |
| vitamin D metabolism | metabolised to 25 hydroxyvitamin D (calcidiol/ cacifediol) -> active hormone 1,2-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol) in liver and kidney as works as hormone regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism needed for bone mineralisation |
| vitamin D | not a vitamin but a pro-hormone acting as a precursor to one of the hormones involved in calcium homeostasis |
| sources of vitamin D (3) | D3/ cholecalciferol (found in oily fish, egg yolks, red mat, liver, fortified foods eg spreads or cereals), dietary supplements, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (animal fats, plant sterols and UV light) |
| main function of vitamin D | promote intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphorus by increasing synthesis of calbindin which mediates calcium absorption |
| vitamin D requirements for babies up to age of 1 year | 8.5 to 10μg/day |
| vitamin D requirements for children up to age of 1 year and adults | 10μg/day |
| department of health and social care recommends you take daily supplement containing 10 micrograms of vitamin D throughout year if you | not outdoors often, are in institution eg care home, usually wear clothes covering skin, and people with dark skin from African/African-Caribbean/South Asian backgrounds |
| which babies should not be given vitamin D | those who are fed infant formula of more than 500ml/day |
| blood level with a vitamin D deficiency according to the SACN | 25 hydroxyvitamin D (250 HD) below 25nmol/L |
| symptoms of vitamin D deficiency | bone pain and muscle weakness |
| vitamin D deficiency can lead to | rickets (children) and osteomalacia (adults) |
| excess dietary vitamin D can lead to | toxic effects eg hypercalcaemia and calcification of soft tissues |
| minerals | inorganic elements that have a physiological function within the body and must be supplied in diet (g/day = macrominerals, mg/day = trace elements) |
| where is iron stored | reticulo-endothelial system (spleen and liver) and bone marrow |
| iron needed for | Hb (Red cells), electron transport, ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) and cytochrome P450 |
| sources of haem iron | animal sources |
| sources of non haem iron | plant sources |
| difference in availability between haem and non haem iron | haem iron has a higher bioavailability than non haem iron |
| where does iron absorption occur | duodenum and proximal jejunum |
| symptoms of iron deficiency | Tiredness/lacking in energy, Heart palpitations, Shortness of breath, Brittle nails, Thinning hair, Pruritus, Mouth sores or ulcers, Koilonychia, Pica, Dysphagia and Tinnitus |
| where is ionised calcium present | circulatory system , ECF, muscle and other tissues |
| functions of calcium | mediating vascular contraction, vasodilation, muscle function, nerve transmission and hormone secretion |
| sources of calcium | dairy eg cheese, bread, some green leafy vegetables eg broccoli, fortified soya products, and fish eaten with bones eg sardines or tinned salmon |
| requirement for calcium in adults aged 19-64 years | 700mg/day |
| calcium deficiency in children | rickets |
| calcium deficiency in adults | osteomalacia |
| calcium toxicity | high dose supplements sometimes cause stomach pain and diarrhoea but it being part of varied diet unlikely to cause any adverse effects |
| factors promoting calcium absorption | vitamin D, lactose, dietary protein, non digestible oligosaccharides, acidic environment in the small intestine |
| factors inhibiting calcium absorption | phytates, oxalate, use of antacids, unabsorbed dietary fats, excessive intakes of dietary fibre, and large intakes of phosphoric acid |
Created by:
22tango
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