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Magic/ Religion
Midterm
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is religion? | tends to ask, petition, worship or submit to a supernatural sacred power |
| What is magic? | tends to attempt to control or produce a desired outcome |
| What did James Frazer believe? | Magic attempts to manipulate supernatural forces to seek a result, religion involves appealing to or worshipping supernatural forces |
| What did Lewis Henry Morgan believe? | Religion is part of human social development, we started with savagery --> barbarism --> civilization |
| What does Emile Durkheim believe? | He asked whether a practice contributed to religious community or moral collective. He felt that religion was a collective community and moral solidarity, while magic was individual, instrumental, and specialized |
| What does Bronislaw Malinowski believe? | He believed magic was to control uncertain events and provide confidence and control, while religion was associated with major life events and existential concerns |
| What does Franz Boas believe? | Relativism and Ethnocentrism |
| What does relativism mean? | considering culture as relative to location and time |
| What does Ethnocentrism mean? | Seeing other people cultures as your world view without looking at why they do specific things |
| What does Evans-Pritchard believe? | Magic in some cultures include coherent systems and not meaningless superstitions, it shouldn't be written off as irrational |
| Is praying to god religious or magic? | Religious |
| Is participating in a church or mosque rituals religious or magic? | Religious |
| Is consulting with an ancestor religious or magic? | Religious/ ancestral practice |
| Is visiting a traditional healer who prescribes a ritual intended to produce conception religious or magic? | Magic |
| There are 13 functions of religion, what does religion as an integrative force mean? | It preserves and solidifies society: reinforces collective unity and social solidarity of a group |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does creating a moral community mean? | System where people gather to belong to something greater than themselves, they share a common ideology |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion as social control mean? | Religion was a mechanism which inspired terror, but terror for the preservation of society, used to keep people "in line" |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does provides rites of passage mean? | Helps us perform ceremonies and rituals related to rites of passage which gives meaning to social significances, such as birth, death, marriage, etc. |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion as emotional support mean? | Sense of comfort during times of personal and social crisis, such as death or injury, it provides consolation, reconciliation, and moral strength during trials and defeats |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion serves a means to provide answers to ultimate questions mean? | All religions have certain beliefs that provide answers for existential questions: Why are we here? What happens after death? |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion as a source of identity mean? | Gives sense of identity such as profound and positive self-identity, it enables them to cope effectively with the many doubts of everyday life |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does legitimating function of religion mean? | Religion maybe explained, justified, or rationalized as the exercise of power, reinforces the interests of those in power, creates social struction |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does psychologizing religion mean? | Source of security and confidence, it provides peach of mind, promises prosperity, and success in life to help human happiness |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion acts as psychotherapy mean? | Can be supporting psychology - forms of psychotherapy, god is conceived as a humane and considerate God |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion as an agent of social change mean? | Enables individuals to transcend social force, to act in ways other than prescribed by social order, for example polygamy |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion as an agent of de-politicization mean? | Marxists suggests that by inducing a "false consciousness" among the disadvantaged, religion lessen the possibility of collective political action. Religion keeps people away from seeing their lives and societal conditions in political terms |
| ere are 13 functions of religion, what does religion controls sexuality mean? | Control peoples sexual practices, important to produce offsprings |
| What are myths? | It helps us understand the mysteries of life and provide framework for understanding the world and the to teach people how to behave |
| What is animism? | Belief developed by Tylor and it is a tendency to dream of soul-others at night, belief in soul-beings in others |
| What is totemism? | The animals, plants, and geographic features from decent |
| What is a ritual? | a sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects performing in an appropriate place |
| What are characteristics of rituals? | Special gestures and words, recitation of fixed texts, performance of special music songs and dances, possessions, manipulation of certain objects, use of special dresses, and consumption of special food drinks or drugs |
| What is the psychological and social function of rituals? | It gives psychological relief from "devinely given" moral code, it reinforces social norms and maintains uniformity and social purpose |
| What is Victor Turners belief on rituals? | He believes in separation, liminality, and incorporation |
| How does one separate during a ritual? | A person leaves his or her previous social status |
| How does one enter a liminality during a ritual? | A person occupies an ambiguous, transitional position |
| How does one incorporate during a ritual? | A person returns to society with a new status |
| What is Michael Atwood Mason's belief about ritual? | Rituals produce knowledge through the body, people learn cultures by participating not by hearing or believing it |
| What does Thomas Csordas believe about rituals? | Rituals provides people with a language and a set of practices through which they can express grief, deal with loss, and reconstruct personal identity; it can organize and transform emotional experiences |
| What does Kapchan believe about rituals? | bodies can communicate cultural and religious meaning |
| What are Shamans, Priests, and prophets | People who have particular authority, knowledge, or ability to communicate with the supernatural, interpret sacred traditions, heal, perform rituals or guide communities |
| What are shamans? | A religious specialist who enter into communication with spirits or supernatural forces, often through altered states of consciousness |
| What are the functions of a shaman? | Healing illness, divination, communication with spirits, protection from supernatural danger, guiding rituals, interpreting misfortune, |
| Where does shaman's authority comes from? | Personal experience, spiritual power, visions, healing abilities, or initiations |
| What are priests? | A religious specialist whose authority is connected to an organized religious institution and established ritual traditions |
| What are the functions of a priest? | conduct sacrifices and ceremonies, lead communal worship, maintain sacred places and objects, interpret religious traditions, teach religious doctrines, perform rites of passages, mediate between ordinary people and sacred powers |
| What is a prophet? | A religious figure who claims to receive a special revelation, divine message, vision or supernatural instruction which is communicated with others |
| When do prophetic movements emerge? | Social disruption, colonialism, political domination, warfare, economic change, or cultural transformation |
| What was Max Weber's distinction between priest and prophets? | Priests tend to represent and maintain an established religious order and prophets may challenge established religious and social arrangement - also known as charismatic authority |
| What is functionalism? | Shamans, priests, and prophets may help people manage anxiety, explain misfortune, maintain social cohesion, resolve conflict and reproduce cultural values |
| What was Dukheimian's approach to religious specialists? | They separate holy (sacred) and everyday life (profane). These rituals help bring people together and create a sense of communit |
| What does Clifford Geertz believe about religious specialists? | They cannot be understood without understanding the symbols beliefs |
| What is the concept of animism? | Belief of spiritual beings through dreams, visions, death, apparitions, and trance |
| What did Erika Bourguignon develop? | a framework for studying trance, possession, and other altered states of consciousness, she was able to examine how this impacts social organization, gender, status, and religious institutions |
| What is communitas during altered states of consciousness? | a temporary experience of intense social solidarity among people undergoing a ritual transition |
| What is symbolic transformation? | Ritual symbols can organize powerful emotional and bodily experiences |
| What does an altered states include? | Perception, awareness, emotion, sense of self, experience of time, and relationship to the physical environment |
| What is a trance? | A person enters an altered state in which ordinary awareness is transformed |
| what is possession? | The altered state is interpreted as the presence or control of spirit, deity, ancestors, or other supernatural entity |
| What does anthropologists emphasize about possession? | A cultural interpretation |
| How are altered states produced? | Sensory deprivation and sensory stimulation |
| What does I.M. Lewis believe about trances and possession? | It's social context, it connects to social tension, gender, status, power, marginalization, relationship with communities; provide culturally recognized ways for people to express grievances or negotiate social relationship |
| What are substances used with trances and possession? | Communicating with spirits, obtaining knowledge, healing, divination, initiation, achieving religious insight, entering another realm |
| What is important when substances are involved? | Not what it does chemically, but what people believe it does and how its use is organized socially and ritually |
| What did Peter Furst and Michael Coe believe? | They discussed ritual enemas which demonstrate altered consciousness can be incorporated into elaborate religious practices |
| What is an example as a modern western altered state? | Rave culture |
| How is disease referred to in religion? | physiological and pathological processes identified by biomedical medicine |
| How is illness referred to in religion? | Culturally and socially experienced meaning of being sick, the same physical symptoms may be interpreted very differently in different societies |
| How does Foster distinguish two explanations about illness? | Personalistic explanation - someone caused this illness Naturalistic explanation - impersonal forces or natural processes |
| What are beliefs about healing from illness? | It is more than curing the body, and involves restoring the body and is often socially powerful |
| What does healers do? | They treat the illness and interpret it and give an explanation to why |
| What is Curanderismo | From Elizabeth de la Portila and it is a traditional healing focusing on the relationship between the healer and patient |
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Ashcar0107
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