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History 1010 Bian
Test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Romulus & Remus | sons of Aeneaus, left to die on the banks of the tiber river, raised by a she-wolf. Romulus established rome and became the first king. Romulus killed remus |
| Praetor | assistant consul , annually elected magistrate of the ancient roman republic, ranking below but having approximately the sam function of consul |
| Assembly of Tribes | a non-military assembly. elected magistrates who did not have the power to control military. More democratic. 35 tribes, popular representation |
| Plebeians | the common people, did not enjoy the same rights and privileges as the patricians. |
| Optimates | controlled the senate. they wished to maintain the oligarchical privilege and wanted to do everything in their power to weaken the popular assembly |
| Populares | were ambitious, they wanted to use the popular assemblies to break the power of the government of the optimates. The conflict between the two groups dominated the Roman political landscape |
| Small farmers | were the producers of material wealth, formed the core of the Roman armed forces. fighting, on behalf of the roman state for 6 years led to the decline of farming. when returning from active duty, they realized that their farms were unsalvageable |
| Latifundia | large roman estates that employed slave labor. they operated the estates following market principles. They operated at lower cost than those of small farmers. This eventually drove all small farmers out of business |
| Proletariat | lowest class of citizens without property in ancient rome. most were laid off farmers that drifted into the cities to form a large class of day laborers |
| Tiberus Gracchus | was the first of the populares. belived that the underlying cause of rome's problem was the decline of small farmers. He set a limit of 300 acres of land per person and reallocated land to small farmers from latifundias. This lead to his assasination |
| Gaius Gracchus | younger brother of Tiberus Gracchus. pushed for the reform of land division and once again the senators were unhappy and he was killed. |
| History lesson #1 | people should never underestimate the power of tradition and vested interests |
| Gaius Marius | recruited a private army from the poor people in the countryside. The soldiers had no economic cushion so they were very loyal to the army. The army supported him and he was elected consul 5 times. |
| Lucius Sulla | also formed a private army from poor, loyal people from the countryside. This lead to many civil wars and internal conflict. When Marius died, he attempted to take his spot. Got the nickname "The Blood Butcher of Rome" because he killed 10,000 in 5 years |
| Joseph Pieper | German philosopher. His views were rooted from primarily the scholasticism of Thomas Aquinas and in the teachings of Plato |
| Julius Ceasar | nephew to Marius. Took an active role in politics and sponsored many public events. Lead roman legions in a major campaign of the conquest of Gaul to expand the Roman Empire |
| Conquest of Gaul | helped Ceasar become extremely popular in rome, which conservative senators did not like. The decided to relieve him of his position and remove him from rome. Instead Ceasar led his army into Rome and named himself dictator for life. |
| Gauis Octavian | great nephew of Ceasar and took over the West Empire of Rome after Ceasar's assasination. |
| Mark Anthony | assistant to Ceasar, took over the East Empire of Rome. In the struggle between east and west, Anthony took an alliance with the Egyptian queen Cleopatra |
| Battle of Actium | Octavian forces smashed the combined forces of Mark Anthony and Cleopatra. This battle marked the end of the Roman Republic. At Age 32, Octavian stood supreme over the Roman world. |
| Agustus | Octavian claimed the restoration of the Roman Republic instead of establishment of the Roman Empire. Because of this action he was given this new title, meaning blessed. |
| Diocletian | lived most of his life in a military camp. During a major campaign, the reigning emperor was killed and his soldiers put him into power. He made the decision to share administrative powers with emperors |
| Four Prefectures | Prefecture of Gaul, Prefecture of Italy, Prefecture of Illyricum, and Prefecture of the East. These served as provinces |
| Tetrarchy | three other emperors were appointed, all of which were closely related to Diocletian. These four were the administrative ruling unit of the Roman Empire |
| Yahweh | singular god of the hebrews. demanded his followers observed higher moral standards. the hebrews compiled their holy scriptures to explain the role of Yaweh in creating the world and guiding human affairs. |
| Judaism | composed of monotheistic views, the Holy scriptures, and the moral concern for righteousness |
| Jewish War | when the jews launched many rebellions against the roman authorities who insisted they pay homage to the emperors as a god |
| Jesus | born in 4 BC in Nazareth. Grew up at a time of high tensions between Jewish and Roman authorities. Taught devotion to god and love for fellow beings. Attracted large crowds because of his reputation for wisdom. His teachings alarmed roman authorities |
| Pontius Pilate | had Jesus arrested and executed by crucification in 30 CE. |
| Christ | what jesus was called after he rose from the grave |
| New Testament | early christians observed a demanding code of conduct and devoted themselves to god. They compiled a body of writing written by his followers |
| Paul of Tarsus | lived from 5 CE to 67 CE. was knowledgeably trained in Jewish law and leadership. PReached his teaching, especially in the Mediterranean regions. HE started his missionary work of spreading the word of the gospel in Damascus, Antioch, and Rome |
| Gentile | one who is not of the Jewish faith. Paul of Tarsus travelled around converting these people to Christianity and created a comprehensive Christian Theology |
| Christian Theology | the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ became the culminating events in the history of the world. The teachings developed by Paul explained the world as the purposeful action of God and the promised and glorious future of existence Christians |
| Edicts | designed to destroy Christianity. Under emperor Diocletian they were assigned to destroy Christian churches, burn scriptures, imprison clergy and sentence to death all those who refused to sacrifice to roman gods |
| Constantine | came to power as the very first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He was brought up in the eastern part of the Roman empire under imperial court. |
| Battle of Milvian Bridge | Constantine saw a flaming cross before this battle and took it as a sign that he was going to conquer. He adopted the cross as his symbol. This battle was critically important in securing his position as emperor |
| Edict of Milan | after Constantine's victory at Milvian he converted to christianity . in the following year he issued an important edict that said "we decided that it was right that christians and all others should have freedom to follow the kind of religion they favored |
| Theodosius the Great | created a Christian state under his rule in 381 |
| Clovis | established the Kingdom of the Franks when he was only 16 years old. He defeated the Roman army and conquered over other important figures along the Rhine river. Clovis was baptized in the year 497 along with his entire army |
| Carolingian Dynasty | took control of the Frankish state in the 8th century. |
| Pippin the Short | was a household official of the early ruling clan of the Frankish people. As the clan declined he took the step to take over the royal authority |
| Theocratic Monarchy | Pippin had to request permission to exercise royal power of king from the pope in order to make his rule legitimate. The anointment of Pippin introduced this idea |
| Charlemagne | song of Pippin the Short. He ruled for about 47 years, and expanded the empire established by his father. Was not satisfied and wanted to establish administrative centralization. |
| Counts | Charlemagne relied on these who served as his officials and aristocratic deputies. Charlemagne travelled constantly because he did not have the financial resources to create administrative centralization |
| Missi Dominici | The purpose of these imperial officials was to maintain control over local officials and aristocratic deputies, the counts. The basic problem was the kings and emperors were never able to permanently establish a centralized bureaucratic system |
| Louis the Pious | reigned from 814 to 840. He was the son of Charlemagne. When He died, his three sons separated from the empire into three separate ruling territories. |
| Magyars | were originally nomadic people who settled in Hungary |
| Vikings | came from the north, and they settled in newly conquered territories. In the late 9th centuries, they launched methodical campaigns. They were the most effective because they had shallow-draft boats, which were extremely efficient and useful |
| Nomadic Invasions | contributed directly to the political disintegration of the Carolingian empire and contributed to the formation of regional states |
| Devolution | transfer of power from a central government to local units. This term captured the process of the disintegration of the Carolingian empire. |
| Feudalism | political and social order of societies that decentralized public authority and responsibility rather than vest them in a central government. There were only 3 societies that came up with this kind of system |
| Benefice | what the lord offered the vassal in the feudal system. this made it possible for the vassal to devote his time to the service of the lord. In return, the vassal offered devotion to his lord. |
| Knight | once a knight entered into a relationship with a feudal lord, that knight became a vassal, the majority of vassals were knights |
| Serfs | an intermediate group who were neither fully slave nor fully free peasants |
| In Kind | how serfs paid for their rend, means to produce commodities rather than pay with money |
| Manors | the lands that serfs worked on. it included all the land and houses owned by upper class aristocrats |
| Bishops | headed christian cities. |
| Bishop of Rome | claimed the he was the leader of all western christian churches. he believed that he had the most power. Christ gave the keys of heaven to Peter and since Peter was the first bishop of Rome, he inherited his power. |
| Popes | eventually most people accepted the bishop of Rome as the most powerful, which led to the recognition of these |
| Lombards | germanic people originally from Northern Europe. They extended their kingdom throughout the Roman peninsula. Their domain threatened the power of the Catholic Church |
| Gregory the Great | the leader of rome, he ensured the survival of the city of Rome and its surrounding cities. They kingdom of Lombardy was eventually reduced in size |
| Papal States | were created after Pope Gregory's resolution to the threats that were present as the Lombards began to dominate the Roman Peninsula |
| Monasticism | the era of chaos and disorder gave rise to this. Because of the emergence of a monk named Benedict, a set of rules were established and went on to be adopted by about 40,000 monasteries. |
| Benedict of Nursia | created rules and these rules went on to establish the basic form for monasticism. He is still seen as the patriarch of monasticism |
| Abbots | were the "father" of the monasteries |
| Sections of Monk Life | 4 hours for prayer, 4 hours of private reading of religious literature, 6 hours physical labor, and remaining 10 hours for eating and sleeping |
| Donation of Constantine | the story is that Pope Sylvester cured Constantine of leprosy and being so grateful, Constantine gave all his power and belongings to the Pope. However this document was proven not to be real |
| Lay Investiture | the act or formal ceremony of conferring the authority and symbols of a high office. The practice in which secular rulers both chose and invested their nominees to the church offices with the symbols of their office. |
| Pope Gregory | elected pope in 1073, shortly after his election, he released a statement of church powers. He asserted that only the papal office was supreme and universal in its authority. Only the pope could appoint, transfer bishops, no one else. |
| Absolution | the formal remission of sin imparted by a priest. |
| Text of the Concordat of Worms | document that stated that: A Bishop in Germany was first elected by church officials, After election, the nominee paid homage to the king as his feudal lord, A representative of the pope invested the new bishop in the spiritual office |
| Faculty Guilds | organized the curriculum, the system of government, and gave teachers the right to grant academic degrees. They were able to transform these schools into universities. The evolution of the universities coincided with the rediscovery of Aristotle's works |
| Connections of Aristotle's work | The Byzantine Connection: the people of this empire learned Aristotle's work through latin works. It led to the understanding of his thoughts. The Muslim Connection: they obtained latin translations through Muslim scholars who appreciated Aristotle |
| Scholasticsm | was the dominant Christian theological and philosophical system of the Middle Ages based on Aristotle and the Church Fathers. The conjunction of faith and reason defined scholastiscm |
| Thomas Aquinas | underlying force of Scholastiscm. When he was young he studied at Mounte Cassino for 9 years. He then studied at University of Naples where he was exposed to scientific works of Aristotle for the 1st time. He decided to join the order of the dominicans. |
| Dominicans | very different from all existing orders. Had a more democratic form of government in the form on mendicant friars. they also pursued a much more active life of preaching and teaching |
| Mendicant Friars | begging monks |
| Averroes | spanish-arab scholar. he read and studied aristotle for many years and formed his own thought and interpretations. He developed two structures of knowledge: the structure of rational knowledge and the structure of religious knowledge. |
| Renaissance | rebirth of Europe where they drew inspiration from the Greek period |
| Humanists | looked up to scholars from the Greek and Roman Empires for literacy models and for ideas and ideal. They attempted to update medieval moral thought, ethical views, and adapted to needs of rapidly developing society |
| Michelangelo | was considered the greatest artist of his time. His works are some of the most famous works in history. He was born to a family of bankers in Florence. He managed to succeed even through tough competition at the time |
| Statue of David | was the piece of work that distinguished Michelangelo. The statue of Aphordite was a structure very similar, yet produced in a very different time period. The significance is that is represents the revival of Greek art |
| Intellectual Renaissance | renaissance humanism was an intellectual movement that evolved history, ethics, and philosophy in reaction to an intellectual atmosphere that was centered on a roman catholic church and concerned with salvation. It was completely secular in outlook. |
| Petrarch | known as the father of renaissance humanism because he did more than anyone else to foster the development of renaissance humanism. He was the first to define the medieval period as a period of darkness. |
| Philology | the literary study and analysis of classical scholarship. The term originally meant a love of learning and literature |
| Lorenzo Valla | discovered that the Donation of Constantine was a forgery because he studied the words used in it very carefully. This document used words and terms such as Fief and Satrap that did not come into existence until the 8th Century. |
| Etruscans | very first people to dominate the Italian peninsula. |
| Consuls | supreme, civil and military magistrate |
| Magistrate | a civil or military officer with power to administer and enforce law. elected on a yearly basis to conduct government affairs and command troops. |
| Roman Senators | 300 men, served for life. There to offer advice to consuls and praetor. eventually became the most powerful body of the roman senate |
| Assembly of Centuries | reffered to the unit of roman army, units of 100. Assembly of military units organized into a voting body. Voted on war and peace and elected all magistrates |
| Republic | a political system or a form of government in which the supreme power is in the hands of representatives elected by the people. |
| Patricians | noble families of the roman republic, descendants of regional senators. only about 5-7% of the population. Monopolized the government. |
| tribune | an officer of ancient rome elected by the plebians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts |
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