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Animal Science U1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Examples of Zoonotic Diseases: | Salmonella, Rabies, Toxoplasmosis, HPAI, and Brucellosis |
| What is animal science? | The study and management of domesticated livestock |
| What is domestication? | The adaptation of plants and animals to human needs |
| DNA sequencing suggest dogs were domesticated _____ years ago | 30,000 |
| Archaeological evidence suggest dogs were domesticated ______ years ago | 12,000 |
| Three reasons the animal sciencce industry is important | Food and nutrition, economics, jobs and workforce |
| Food and nutrition is part of our sustenance, what does this mean? | It is a source of nouishment we need to sustain life |
| Animals play a vital role in human society, contributing significantly to | Sports, research, byproducts (e.g, fertilizer) |
| Plants supply ___-___% of the total food energy consumed | 80-85 |
| Animals supply the remaining ___-___% total food energy consumed | 15-20 |
| ___% of the calories consumed, animals provide ___% protien | 20 40 |
| Meat supplies ___% of protien | 44 |
| Eggs supply ___% of protien | 8 |
| Core species of animals | Cattle, swine, poultry, small ruminant, aqua culture |
| Companion animals | Dogs, cats, equine |
| What is biosecurity? | A series of management practices to prevent the introduction or spread of disease(s) |
| What different levels can biosecurity be applied | Farm level, regional/national level, global level |
| Areas of biosecurity | Conceptional, structural, operational |
| Types of disease transmissions | Epidemic, pandemic, endemic |
| Disease transmission pathways | Direct contact, fomite exposure, aerosol, vector carriers, reproductive |
| What are vectors? | Organism that carry infections (wildlife, rodents, insects) |
| What is a fomite? | An object that is contaminated with pathogens |
| Three examples of biosecurity technology | Ear tagging, RABapp, virtual fencing |
| _____ is what an animal feels, ______ is what an animal shows us | Physiology, behavior |
| What type of stress is short term? | Acute stress |
| What type of stress is long term? | Chronic stress |
| "Fight or flight" | Sympathic nervous system |
| Cortisol release | Hypothalmic pituitary |
| Physiological indicators of stress: | Heart rate, respiratory, coritsol, body temperature |
| An animals personal space: | Flight zone |
| An imaginary pivot line located at the animal's shoulder that handlers use to control their movement | Point of balance |
| The industry spends __-__% on nutrition for animal production | 50-70 |
| Three ways nutrition impacts animal health: | Immunity, digestion, growth |
| What is nutrition? | The intake of food for growth and maintenance |
| What is feed? | Ingredients fed to an animal to sustain them |
| What is diet? | The mixture of feeds and supplements an animal consumes to meet nutritional requirements |
| what is ration? | A specific amount of diet provided to an animal during a 24 hour period |
| What is nutrient? | substances that are required for life |
| When fed for maintenance animals are fed ___% of their body weight | 2 |
| When fed for production animals are fed ___% < their body weight | 3 |
| Three examples of production outputs: | Meat, eggs, milk |
| dietary essentials vs dietary nonessentials | Essentials are provided in diet, nonessentials can be naturally created by the animal |
| The six basic nutrients: | Water, carbohydrates, fats/lipids, protiens, vitamins, minerals |
| What is the most essential nutrient, ? | Water |
| How many gallons of water do each of these animals need daily: beef cattle, pigs, poultry | 7-30, 2-8, 0.05-0.25 |
| Ways to tell if your water is contaminated without testing | Smell and taste |
| Important properties in water quality when testing: | Total dissolved solids, nitrates, sulfates |
| Organic means | Containing carbon |
| Types of carbohydrates: | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| What carb commonly consumed by animals is slower and harder to digest, lower in energy, essential for ruman health, and cheap? | Forages |
| What carb is commonly consumed by animals that is easier to digest, high in energy, at risk if fed too quickly/too much, and more expensive? | Concentrates |
| 10 essential amino acids: | Phenylalanine, Valine, Threonine, Tryptophan, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Leucine, Lysine |
| Three specialty areas of animal science: | Meat Scientist Animal Nutritionist Animal Geneticist Animal Breeder Reproductive Specialist Animal Physiologist Animal Behaviorist Animal Welfare Specialist Livestock Production Specialist Poultry Scientist Dairy Scientist Equine Specialist |
| Three examples of production | Meat, milk, eggs, wool/fiber-byproducts |
| Carbohydrates function: | To supply energy, 70-80% of total ration |
| Carbs: _____vs_____ | Forages vs concentrates |
| Protien function: | Tissue growth and repair (muscle development), Enzymes and hormones, immune molecules. Can be used fro energy if in excess |
| Fats/lipids function: | Energy storage, cell membrane structure, hormone synthesis. |
| Fats vs Carbs | Fats provide 2.25% more energy per gram than carbs. Carbs providing quick energy and fats offering concentrated, long-term fuel |
| Types of fats: | Saturated and unsaturated |
| Saturated fat meaning | No double bonds between carbons, examples could be tallow or butter |
| Unsaturated fat meaning | At least one double/triple bond, example could be olive oil |
| Vitamin function: | Organic compounds required in small amounts |
| Two classifications of vitamins | Fat soluble and water soluble |
| Water soluable vitamins: | B and C |
| Fat soluable vitamins: | A, D, E, and K |
| Mineral function: | Inorganic compounds needed for biochemical and metabolic fuction |
| Two catagories of minerals | Macrominerals vs Microminerals |
| Macrominerals vs Microminerals | Micro is needed in smaller amounts while Macro is needed in larger amounts |
| Four forms of digestion utilized in animals digestion process | Mechanical, chemical, microbial, and enzymatic |
| Mechanical digestion | Chewing food |
| Chemical digestion | Stomach acid |
| Enzymatic digestion | Amylase (saliva) |
| Microbial digestion | Bacteria breaks down organic compounds like sugar |
| Two main types of stomachs in livestock digestion | Rumanint and monogastric |
| Ruminant stomach has | Four compartments and microbial fermentation |
| Monogastric stomach has | One pouch-like-stomach |
| Prehension vs peristalsis | The act of seizing or grasping food to bring it into the mouth vs The involuntary, wave-like muscle contractions that move food through the digestive tract |
| Three segmants of the small intestine | Duodenum, jejunim, ileum |
| Three functions of the digestive system | digestion, absorption, and elimination |
| The three levels of disease transmission | Epidemic, Pandemic, and Endemic |
| Epidemic: | Sudden widespread outbreak in a population |
| Pandemic: | Global spread across countries or continents |
| Endemic: | Disease regularly found in a population/area |
| The number one goal most production animal producers have when it comes to raising animals | maximizing profitability while maintaining efficiency and animal welfare |
| The difference between animal rights and animal welfare is | Animal welfare focuses on treating animals humanely, while animal rights says that animals should not be used by humans at all. |
| Two key examples required for low stress handling and movement of livestock | Using the point of balance and flight zone |
| Categories evaluated in the five domain model of animal welfare | Nutrition, physical environment, health, behavioral interactions, and mental state |
| Two main systems that control stress responses to animals | The sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis |
| The flow of feed through the digestive tract | Mouth to esophagus to stomach to small intestine to large intestine |
Created by:
Ljackson45
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