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NEPT CPP (ATA TE)
Terminology, medications, and producers applicable to ATAs (including TE).
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hypoxia | Low oxygen levels in the body tissues. |
| Hypoxaemia | Low oxygen levels in the blood. |
| Tachycardia | A resting heart rate of over 100 beats per minute. |
| Bradycardia | A resting heart rate of under 60 beats per minute. |
| Hypotension | Abnormally low blood pressure. |
| Hypertension | Abnormally high blood pressure. |
| Tachypnoea | An abnormally rapid breathing rate. |
| Bradypnoea | An abnormally slow breathing rate. |
| Dyspnoea | Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing. |
| Syncope | Fainting or a temporary loss of consciousness due to a drop in blood pressure. |
| Diaphoresis | Excessive or abnormal sweating. |
| Cyanosis | A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to a lack of oxygen. |
| Hypoglycaemia | An abnormally low blood glucose level. |
| Hyperglycaemia | An abnormally high blood glucose level. |
| Ischaemia | An inadequate blood supply to an organ or part of the body, often the heart. |
| Bronchospasm | A sudden constriction of the muscles in the walls of the bronchioles, causing difficulty breathing. |
| Apnoea | The temporary cessation of breathing. |
| Aphasia | Difficulty speaking or understanding language. |
| Arrhythmia | An irregular heartbeat. |
| Asystole | The absence of any electrical or mechanical activity in the heart (flatline). |
| Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) | A stroke; brain tissue damage due to loss of blood supply. |
| Diastolic | The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats (the bottom number in blood pressure). |
| Systolic | The pressure in the arteries when the heart beats (the top number in blood pressure). |
| Haemorrhage | Severe or heavy bleeding. |
| Oedema | Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in the body's tissues. |
| Pallor | An unhealthy pale appearance of the skin. |
| Sepsis | A life-threatening bodily response to an infection. |
| Stridor | A harsh, high-pitched breathing sound caused by a partial upper airway obstruction. |
| Transient Ischaemic Attack (TIA) | A 'mini-stroke' where neurological symptoms resolve quickly, usually within 24 hours. |
| Urticaria | Hives or a raised, itchy rash often associated with allergic reactions. |
| Wheeze | A high-pitched whistling sound made while breathing, typically due to narrowed lower airways. |
| Asthma (Mild to Moderate) | Sit the patient upright. Administer Salbutamol via spacer or nebuliser (add Ipratropium Bromide if required). Provide oxygen to maintain SpO2 above 92%. Monitor vital signs and respiratory effort. |
| Anaphylaxis | Lay the patient flat immediately (do not allow them to stand or walk). Administer Adrenaline IM. Administer high-flow oxygen. Request an emergency ambulance and monitor vital signs closely. |
| Suspected Acute Coronary Syndrome (Chest Pain) | Rest and reassure the patient. Administer Aspirin. Administer GTN sublingually if the blood pressure is adequate. Administer oxygen only if SpO2 is below 94%. Request an emergency ambulance. |
| Hypoglycaemia (Conscious) | Check Blood Glucose Level (BGL). If BGL is under 4 mmol/L and the patient can safely swallow, administer oral glucose gel or a sweet drink. Follow up with complex carbohydrates and recheck BGL. |
| Hypoglycaemia (Altered Conscious State) | Check BGL. Place the patient in the lateral (recovery) position. Administer Glucagon IM. Do not give oral fluids or food. Request an emergency ambulance and monitor BGL. |
| Active Seizure | Ensure scene safety and protect the patient's head from injury. Do not physically restrain. Administer high-flow oxygen. Once the seizure stops, place in the lateral position, manage the airway, and escalate if the seizure lasts over 5 minutes. |
| Hypovolaemic Shock | Lay the patient flat. Administer high-flow oxygen. Keep the patient warm to prevent heat loss. Request an emergency ambulance for urgent transport. |
| Cardiac Arrest | Commence continuous high-quality CPR (30 compressions to 2 breaths). Attach an AED and follow all voice prompts. Manage the airway using an OPA or i-gel. Request an emergency ambulance immediately. |
| Stroke or TIA | Perform the FAST (Face, Arms, Speech, Time) assessment. Position the patient with their head elevated slightly if tolerated. Administer oxygen only if SpO2 is below 94%. Request an emergency ambulance for urgent transport. |
| Foreign Body Airway Obstruction (Choking) | Encourage the patient to cough. If ineffective and the patient is conscious, administer up to 5 back blows followed by up to 5 chest thrusts, alternating. If the patient becomes unconscious, commence CPR. |
| External Haemorrhage (Severe Bleeding) | Apply firm, direct pressure to the wound. If life-threatening bleeding on a limb cannot be controlled with direct pressure, apply an arterial tourniquet. Keep the patient warm to prevent shock. |
| Suspected Spinal Injury | Advise the patient to remain still. Manually stabilise the head and neck in a neutral alignment. Apply a cervical collar if trained and indicated. Request an emergency ambulance. |
| Burns (Thermal) | Cool the burn immediately with cool running water for a minimum of 20 minutes. Remove jewellery and non-adherent clothing. Cover the burn loosely with a sterile, non-stick dressing or clear cling film. Prevent hypothermia. |
| Snake or Funnel-Web Spider Bite | Keep the patient completely still and calm. Apply the Pressure Immobilisation Technique (PIT) using a broad bandage, starting over the bite and wrapping the entire limb. Do not wash the bite site. Request an emergency ambulance. |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Exacerbation | Sit the patient upright. Administer oxygen, but titrate specifically to maintain SpO2 between 88-92% to avoid suppressing their respiratory drive. Administer Salbutamol via spacer if indicated. |
| Seizures (Post-Ictal Phase) | Once the active seizure stops, immediately place the patient in the lateral (recovery) position to protect their airway. Gently suction fluids if trained/equipped. Reassure the patient as they regain consciousness. |
| Oxygen (Dose) | Titrated to 94-99% SpO2 (or 88-92% for COPD patients) |
| Adrenaline 1:1000 (Dose) | 0.5 mg IM |
| Aspirin (Dose) | 300 mg orally (chewed or dissolved) |
| Glyceryl Trinitrate / GTN (Dose) | 300 mcg or 600 mcg tablet, or 0.4 mg spray sublingually |
| Salbutamol (Dose) | 5 mg nebulised, or 4-12 puffs via a spacer |
| Ipratropium Bromide / Atrovent (Dose) | 500 mcg nebulised |
| Glucagon (Dose) | 1 mg IM |
| Glucose Gel / Oral Carbohydrates (Dose) | 15 g orally |
| Methoxyflurane / Penthrox (Dose) | 3 mL inhaled (maximum dose 6 mL) |
| Paracetamol (Dose) | 1000 mg (1 g) orally |
| Ondansetron (Dose) | 4 mg orally disintegrating wafer |
| Naloxone (Dose) | 1.6 mg to 2 mg intranasal, or 0.4 mg IM |
| Loratadine (Dose) | 10 mg orally |
| Normal Saline 0.9% (Dose) | Volume as required (for irrigation) |
| Oxygen (Contraindicators) | Paraquat poisoning or history of bleomycin therapy (unless severe hypoxia is present). |
| Adrenaline 1:1000 (Contraindicators) | None in a life-threatening emergency. |
| Aspirin (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity, active bleeding or peptic ulcers, bleeding disorders (e.g., haemophilia), suspected aortic aneurysm, and patients under 18 years of age. |
| Glyceryl Trinitrate / GTN (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity, systolic BP < 110 mmHg, heart rate < 50 or > 150 bpm, and recent use of erectile dysfunction medications (e.g., Viagra/Levitra within 24 hours, Cialis within 4 days). |
| Salbutamol (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity and cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. |
| Ipratropium Bromide / Atrovent (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity to ipratropium bromide or atropine derivatives. |
| Glucagon (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity and phaeochromocytoma. |
| Glucose Gel / Oral Carbohydrates (Contraindicators) | Unconscious or an altered conscious state with an absent gag reflex (unable to swallow safely due to aspiration risk). |
| Methoxyflurane / Penthrox (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity, personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia, renal impairment, concurrent use of tetracycline antibiotics, and altered conscious state/head injury. |
| Paracetamol (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity, administration of paracetamol within the previous 4 hours, or exceeding the maximum daily dose (4g in 24 hours). |
| Ondansetron (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity, concurrent use of apomorphine, and known Long QT syndrome. |
| Naloxone (Contraindicators) | None in a life-threatening opioid overdose. |
| Loratadine (Contraindicators) | Allergy/hypersensitivity and severe liver impairment. |
| Normal Saline 0.9% (Contraindicators) | None for topical irrigation or wound cleaning. |
| STEMI (ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) | A complete blockage of a major coronary artery causing significant heart muscle damage. Diagnosed by identifying ST-segment elevation on a 12-lead ECG. |
| NSTEMI (Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction) | A partial blockage of a coronary artery causing heart muscle damage. Diagnosed by ST-segment depression or T-wave inversion on an ECG, and confirmed by elevated troponin levels in hospital blood tests. |
| Unstable Angina | Restricted blood flow to the heart causing severe, unpredictable chest pain at rest, but without permanent muscle damage. Diagnosed by clinical symptoms alongside a normal ECG and normal troponin levels. |
| The 4 Hs (Reversible Causes of Cardiac Arrest) | Hypoxia, Hypovolaemia, Hypo/Hyperthermia, and Hypo/Hyperkalaemia (metabolic disorders). |
| The 4 Ts (Reversible Causes of Cardiac Arrest) | Tension pneumothorax, Tamponade (cardiac), Toxins, and Thrombosis (coronary or pulmonary). |
| Hypoxia (4 Hs) | A severe lack of oxygen reaching the tissues. Diagnosed by low pulse oximetry (SpO2) readings and clinical signs like cyanosis. |
| Hypovolaemia (4 Hs) | A critical loss of blood or fluid volume. Diagnosed by identifying signs of shock: hypotension, tachycardia, and visible haemorrhage or severe dehydration. |
| Hypo/Hyperthermia (4 Hs) | An extreme low or high core body temperature. Diagnosed using a thermometer and assessing the patient's environmental exposure. |
| Hypo/Hyperkalaemia (4 Hs) | Abnormally low or high potassium levels in the blood. Diagnosed by specific abnormal rhythms on an ECG and confirmed via hospital blood tests. |
| Tension Pneumothorax (4 Ts) | Trapped air in the pleural space that compresses the heart and lungs. Diagnosed by unequal chest rise, absent breath sounds on one side, and severe respiratory distress. |
| Tamponade - Cardiac (4 Ts) | Fluid or blood filling the sac around the heart, restricting its ability to pump. Diagnosed by muffled heart sounds, low blood pressure, and distended neck veins (Beck's Triad). |
| Toxins (4 Ts) | Poisoning or accidental drug overdose. Diagnosed by patient history, scene clues (e.g., pill bottles), and specific physical signs (e.g., pinpoint pupils for opioids). |
| Thrombosis (4 Ts) | A massive blood clot in the heart (causing a STEMI) or the lungs (Pulmonary Embolism). Diagnosed by a 12-lead ECG (for the heart) and hospital imaging. |
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