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History Chap.1
Rennaissance, Reformation, and Revolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Definition of a primary source | An object or written material that comes directly from the period. Ex: Anne Franks Diary |
| Definition of a secondary source | An object or written material that comes secondhand. Ex: Textbook |
| How does each source impact the way we research history? | Primary Sources provide direct eyewitness accounts and raw evidence from the period, while secondary sources provide broader context and information from many primary sources by later historians |
| How does cause and effect influence our study of history? | It helps historians understand why events happened and it links historical events together in a chain of actions and consequences |
| Provide an example of a primary and secondary source | Primary source= letters, diaries, photos, speeches. Secondary source= textbooks, films, biographies |
| Where did the Renaissance begin? | Florence, Italy |
| What was Leonardo da Vinci's main occupation? | He considered himself an artist but he was also an engineer and scientist. (Renaissance Man) |
| Name an invention that de Vinci constructed | Constructed blueprints for flying machines (airplanes) and submarines |
| Names of da Vinci's paintings | Virgin of the Rocks, Lady with an Ermine, Last Supper, and Mona Lisa |
| Why is perspective so important in the Last Supper? | Painting was done of the wall of the dinning room in a convent. It creates depth, shows how the scene would have really looked, and portrays Jesus as the center |
| What was Michelangelo's main occupation? | Considered mainly a sculptor but was also a painter, architect, engineer, and poet |
| Name Michelangelo's works | Statue of David and Pieta, and the Last Judgement (painting in Sistine Chapel) |
| Which family was the most important in Florence during the Renissance? | Medici Family |
| What is patronage? | Money given to artists, writers, and scholars. Patron= someone who pays others to create artwork (Cosimo de Medici) |
| How did the Renaissance lead to the modern era? | It shifted focus toward humanism, individualism, and scientific inquiry (tested experiments with math instead of church). Changed economic, political, social, and mostly cultural ways of life |
| How did the printing press impact European society? | Helped spread ideas faster. Allowed for the production of more books which gave people a broad range of knowledge. Also influenced religious and secular ideas that contributed to religious turmoil |
| How did Shakespeare explore renaissance ideals? | Focused on universal themes in everyday life. Human emotion and the complex mind. Wrote about Richard III which shows power struggles of English Kings and Julis Caesar who was a good guy and might have ben Christian, and that we can learn from the past |
| How did Sir Thomas Moore explain utopia? | He pressed for social and economic change by describing Utopia, which is an ideal society that is impractical. Men and women live in harmony, no private property, universal education, and justice is used for crimes |
| Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the Reformation? | Emperor Charles V |
| What is an indulgence? | Type of pardon that Church said would lessen person's time in purgatory. People pay money to the Church to get rid of their sins so they can go right to Heaven |
| How did Martin Luther bring about the beginning of the reformation? | He made the 95 Theses (arguments against indulgences) and posted them on the Church door in Wittenberg, Germany |
| Why did the Peasants Revolt begin? | Peasants joined Luther because they thought indulgences favored the wealthy. They demanded end to serfdom=practice of slavery |
| What was the Peace of Augsburg? | Treaty signed to end religious warfare between Catholic and Lutheran princes in Germany. Allowed each prince to decided to follow Catholic Church (most southern states) or Luther (most northern states |
| What is predestination? | Developed by John Calvin. Stated that God had long ago decided who would gain salvation and be saved vs who would not |
| Who began the reformation in England and why? | King Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church in the 1530s because he asked the Pope for an annulment (divorce) but he was denied so he created the Church of England, where he could divorce. |
| How did Queen Elizabeth compromise between Protestants and Catholics? | Kept part of Protestant Doctrine + Catholic Rituals. Latin became language of Anglican, and the Book of Common Prayer was restored but more acceptable to Catholics. Kept bishops but monarchs became head of the Anglican Church. England = Protestant nation |
| What did the Council of Trent decide? | Catholic leaders called together for a meeting. Restated the importance of clergy interpreting the Bible and bishops had to live in the area they oversaw. Reaffirmed beliefs by saying the Pope is equal to the bible and they banned indulgences |
| Describe how the Scientific Method works. | Math calculations were used to convert observations and experiments into scientific laws. Observe, Ask a question, Develop a Hypothesis, Design an Experiment, Analyze Data, and Draw Conclusions |
| How did Galileo influence our understanding of the universe? | Created a telescope to better observe the solar system. Discovered 4 of Jupiter's moons. He proved that Earth is not the center, the Sun is. |
| Describe two areas of science that Sir Isaac Newton influenced. | Physics= discovered laws of motion and gravity. Math= created calculus. Philosophy and wrote many important books. |
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