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MA CH16 H1E
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| central nervous system (CNS) | the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord. |
| peripheral nervous system (PNS) | a part of the nervous system made up of the nerves that extend throughout the body. |
| autonomic nervous system (ANS) | the part of the nervous system that controls body functions that are not consciously directed (for example, breathing and heartbeat). |
| sympathetic | in relation to the autonomic nervous system, the branch that prepares the body for action by increasing muscle tension, heart rate, respirations, and blood pressure. |
| parasympathetic | in relation to the autonomic nervous system, the branch that works to decrease heart rate, blood pressure, and respirations. |
| synapse | the space between neurons (nerve cells). |
| neurotransmitter | chemical that carries nerve impulses across synapses, from axon to dendrite. |
| myelin sheath | protective covering of the nerves, spinal cord, and white matter of the brain. |
| meninges | three-layered protective membranes covering the brain. |
| cerebrum | the largest section of the human brain. |
| cerebellum | section of the brain that controls balance, posture, and regulation of the body’s voluntary muscles. |
| diencephalon | area in the center of the brain containing the hypothalamus and thalamus and the pituitary and pineal glands. |
| brainstem | part of the brain that connects the cerebrum and cerebellum to the spinal cord; controls heart rate, breathing, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, ref lexes, and the closing and opening of blood vessels. |
| neurologist | a physician who diagnoses and treats conditions of the nervous system. |
| psychiatrists | a physician who diagnoses and treats mental health disorders. |
| clinical psychologist | a healthcare professional who diagnoses and assists in the treatment of mental health conditions; cannot prescribe medications, but may coordinate patient care with a psychiatrist or other provider. |
| ophthalmologist | a physician who diagnoses and treats eye conditions. |
| optometrist | a physician who specializes in managing eyesight disorders. |
| audiologist | a healthcare professional who performs hearing tests and fits patients for hearing aids. |
| ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT) | a physician who diagnoses and treats conditions of the ears, nose, and throat; also known as an otolaryngologist. |
| traumatic brain injury (TBI) | condition caused by a serious head injury; can cause permanent brain damage, intellectual disability, personality changes, memory loss, paralysis, and other symptoms. |
| paraplegia | the loss of function of the lower body and legs. |
| quadriplegia | the loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms. |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain. |
| meningitis | inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord. |
| degenerative | something that continually gets worse. |
| Huntington’s disease (HD) | an incurable, hereditary brain disease that causes weakening of mental and physical abilities. |
| Parkinson’s disease | a progressive, incurable disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate, affecting muscle function and causing stooped posture, shuffling gait, pill-rolling, and tremors. |
| multiple sclerosis (MS) | a progressive disease in which the myelin sheath breaks down over time; without this protective covering, nerves cannot send messages to and from the brain in a normal way, which causes problems with balance and walking, along with many other symptoms. |
| computerized tomography (CT) | scan a type of diagnostic imaging that enhances X-rays with computerized imaging, creating detailed cross-section images of the body. |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a type of diagnostic imaging that uses magnets and radio waves to produce detailed images of the body. |
| position emission tomography (PET) | a type of diagnostic imaging that uses a radioactive substance injected into the patient’s vein to view the body’s organs. |
| angiogram | a type of diagnostic imaging in which an X-ray records pictures of the blood vessels after a dye is injected to improve visibility. |
| myelogram | a type of X-ray performed to view and evaluate the spinal cord. |
| lumbar puncture | a procedure used to take a sample of cerebrospinal fluid by inserting a needle into the subarachnoid space in the lumbar area; also called spinal tap. |
| electroencephalograms (EEG) | a procedure during which the electrical activity of the brain is recorded using electrodes placed on the scalp. |
| dementia | a general term that refers to a serious, progressive loss of mental abilities such as thinking, remembering, reasoning, and communicating. |
| Alzheimer’s disease (AD) | a progressive, incurable disease that causes tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits to form in the brain, which eventually cause dementia. |
| tension headache | a type of headache that often causes throbbing pain in the head; may relate to stress, lack of sleep, dehydration, and hunger, among other causes. |
| migraine | a severe type of headache that can cause nausea, vomiting, light sensitivity, and other symptoms in addition to severe head pain. |
| cluster headache | a type of severe headache that occurs in clusters, with several occurring in a row. |
| neuralgia | nerve pain caused by irritation, infection, or damage in a nerve. |
| sciatica | inflammation of the sciatic nerve, which extends from the lower back down the buttock and leg; also called lumbar radiculopathy. |
| confusion | the inability to think logically and clearly. |
| delirium | a state of severe confusion that occurs suddenly and is usually temporary. |
| cognitive behavioral therapy | a type of psychotherapy that is often used to treat anxiety disorders and depression and focuses on skills and solutions that a person can use to modify negative thinking and behavior patterns. |
| visual acuity | the ability of the eye to see clear images. |
| myopia | the ability to see objects nearby more clearly than objects far away; also called nearsightedness. |
| hyperopia | the ability to see objects in the distance better than objects nearby; also called farsightedness. |
| presbyopia | a form of hyperopia (farsightedness) that occurs with aging. |
| tonometry | a method of testing intraocular pressure, or the amount of pressure within the eye. |
| cataract | a condition in which cloudy spots develop in the lens of the eye, causing vision loss. |
| glaucoma | a disease in which increased pressure inside the eye causes damage that often leads to vision loss and blindness. |
| diabetic retinopathy | a complication of diabetes caused by damage to the retina; causes spots, blurred vision, and difficulty seeing well at night and may lead to blindness. |
| age-related macular degeneration (AMD) | a condition in which the macula gradually deteriorates, causing vision loss and problems such as the inability to recognize faces, drive, read, and write. |
| retinal detachment | medical emergency in which the retina detaches from the back of the eye. |
| conjunctivitis | an eye infection; commonly called pink eye. |
| presbycusis | a form of hearing impairment that occurs with aging. |
| otosclerosis | progressive hearing loss caused by abnormal bone growth in the middle ear. |
| tinnitus | condition in which a person hears a ringing or roaring sound that is not associated with outside sounds. |
| Ménière’s disease | a condition of the inner ear that causes vertigo, or dizziness and loss of balance, along with possible tinnitus and hearing loss. |
| vertigo | dizziness and loss of balance. |
| acute otitis media | an infection of the middle ear. |
| cerumen impaction | a buildup of earwax that blocks sound waves. |
| perforated eardrum | rupture of the tympanic membrane (eardrum). |
| deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) | reflexes assessed during a neurological exam using a reflex hammer; the provider taps on tendons at various locations on the body and observes for muscle response. |
| Snellen eye chart | a chart used to measure a patient’s distant vision. |
| Ishihara plate | a card printed with the image of a number or shape with contrasting colors surrounding it; used to screen for color blindness. |
| antioxidant | a substance that can prevent damage to the body from harmful molecules called free radicals. |
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