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Ch 12 All
Med Term Chapter 12 Nervous System Combining Forms, Suffixes and Terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| gray matter | unmyelinated axons |
| meninges (men-IN-jeez) | 3 layers of connective tissue membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord |
| white matter | myelinated axons |
| brainstem | made up of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata |
| cerebellum (sair-eh-BELL-um) | posterior to the cerebrum; aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium |
| cerebral cortex (seh-REE-bral / KOR-teks) | the brain’s outer layer of gray matter |
| cerebrospinal fluid (seh-ree-broh-SPY-nal) | a clear, colorless body fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord, delivers nutrients, and removes waste |
| cerebrum (seh-REE-brum) | upper portion of the brain that processes thought, judgment, memory, problem solving, and language |
| diencephalon (dye-en-SEFF-ah-lon) | part of the brain that contains thalamus and hypothalamus |
| hypothalamus (high-poh-THAL-ah-mus) | controls temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotion as well as the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and the pituitary gland |
| medulla oblongata (meh-DULL-ah / ob-long-GAH-tah) | connects the brain to the spinal cord; controls centers for respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure |
| midbrain | pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord |
| pons (PONZ) | connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain |
| thalamus (THAL-ah-mus) | relays impulses from the eyes, ears, and skin to the cerebrum and controls pain |
| arachnoid layer (ah-RAK-noyd) | middle layer of the meninges |
| dura mater (DOO-rah / MAH-ter) | outer most layer of the meninges |
| pia mater (PEE-ah / MAH-ter) | inner most layer of the meninges |
| subarachnoid space (sub-ah-RAK-noyd) | space between the arachnoid layer and the pia mater |
| subdural space (sub-DOO-ral) | space between the dura mater and arachnoid layer |
| intrathecal (in-trah-THEE-kal) | within the meninges; specifically the subdural or subarachnoid space |
| afferent neurons (AF-er-ent) | also known as the ascending or sensory nerves |
| autonomic nervous system (aw-toh-NOM-ik) | controls involuntary or unconscious body functions; affects smooth muscle function; divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches |
| efferent neurons (EF-er-ent) | also known as the descending or motor nerves |
| ganglion (GANG-lee-on) | a cluster of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system |
| somatic nerves | serve the skin and skeletal muscles; mainly involved with conscious and voluntary activities of the body; carry motor commands to skeletal muscles |
| parasympathetic branch (pair-ah-sim-pah-THET-ik) | counterbalance to the sympathetic branch; causes the heart rate to slow, lowers the blood pressure, and stimulates the return of digestion and bladder contractions (Rest/Digest/Pee) |
| sympathetic branch (sim-pah-THET-ik) | active in times of stress and crisis; increases heart rate, dilates airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion and urinary systems, and stimulates production of adrenaline (Fright/Fight/Flight) |
| neurotransmitter | a chemical released from a nerve end that carries an impulse across the synapse |
| neurology | Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system. Physician is a neurologist. |
| absence seizure | epileptic seizure characterized by loss of awareness and absence of activity; formerly called a petit mal seizure |
| analgesia | absence of pain |
| anesthesia | lack of feeling or sensation |
| aphasia | inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage to the language centers of the brain |
| ataxia | lack of muscle coordination |
| aura | sensations occurring prior to epileptic seizure or migraine; seeing colors or smelling odors |
| coma | state of profound unconsciousness |
| conscious | condition of being awake and aware of surroundings |
| convulsion | Severe involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations |
| delirium | Abnormal mental state of confusion, disorientation, and agitation |
| dementia | Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with activities of daily living |
| dysphasia | difficulty communicating verbally or in writing |
| hyperesthesia | abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch |
| neuralgia | nerve pain |
| palsy | temporary or permanent loss of ability to control movements |
| paralysis | temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement |
| seizure | sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms, such as in epileptic seizure |
| spasticity | having above normal muscle tone and hyperactive deep tendon reflexes |
| syncope | fainting |
| tonic-clonic seizure | epileptic seizure with strong muscle spasms and loss of consciousness; formerly called a grand mal seizure |
| tremor | involuntary repetitive alternating movements of a body part |
| unconscious | state of being unaware of surroundings and unable to respond to stimuli |
| Alzheimer's disease (A D) | disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory |
| cerebral aneurysm | localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident |
| cerebral contusion | bruising of brain from a blow or impact |
| cerebral palsy (C P) | brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth |
| cerebrovascular accident (C V A) | infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain; commonly called a stroke |
| concussion | mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact |
| encephalitis | inflammation of the brain |
| epilepsy | seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain |
| migraine | specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea |
| Parkinson's disease | chronic disorder of brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait |
| Reye's syndrome | combination of acute encephalopathy and organ damage; follows viral infection; also associated with aspirin |
| shaken baby syndrome (S B S) | caused by violent shaking; symptoms include subdural hematoma, brain swelling, and retinal bleeding |
| transient ischemic attack (T I A) | temporary interference with blood supply to brain; may lead to a C V A |
| traumatic brain injury | damage to the brain resulting from impact, blast waves, or a penetrating projectile |
| amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (A L S) | condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord; also called Lou Gehrig's disease |
| Bell's palsy | one-sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation; inflammation is typically viral in nature; most patients recover |
| Guillain-Barré syndrome | loss of myelin sheath from nerves; may be autoimmune; begins in the legs and progresses up toward the trunk |
| multiple sclerosis (M S) | inflammatory disease of the C N S; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves; plaques appear |
| myasthenia gravis | muscular weakness and fatigue due to insufficient neurotransmitter at a synapse |
| neuropathy | general term for disease of or damage to a nerve |
| shingles | eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path; caused by Herpes zoster virus |
| trigeminal neuralgia | sudden, sharp pain in an area of the face served by the trigeminal cranial nerve; usually caused by pressure on and irritation of the nerve |
| meningitis | inflammation of the meninges due to viral or bacterial infection |
| subdural hematoma | mass of blood forming beneath the dura mater due a tear in the meninges; can exert fatal pressure on the brain |
| electroencephalography (E E G) | a recording of the electrical activity of the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp; also used during sleep studies |
| lumbar puncture | puncture with a needle in the lumbar area to remove C S F for examination or to inject anesthesia |
| alges/o | sense of pain |
| astr/o | star |
| centr/o | center |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| clon/o | rapid contracting and relaxing |
| concuss/o | to shake violently |
| dur/o | dura mater |
| encephal/o | brain |
| esthesi/o | sensation, feeling |
| gli/o | glue |
| medull/o | medulla oblongata |
| mening/o; meningi/o | meninges |
| ment/o | mind |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| neur/o | nerve |
| peripher/o | away from center |
| poli/o | gray matter |
| pont/o | pons |
| radicul/o | nerve root |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| thec/o | sheath, meninges |
| tom/o | to cut |
| ton/o | tone |
| ventricul/o | ventricle |
| -algia | pain |
| -asthenia | weakness |
| -paresis | weakness |
| -phasia | speech |
| -taxia | muscle coordination |
Created by:
alavance
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