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Hunter HumanSpecies3
Exam 3 Lec 21-27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| human reproductive ecology | study of how ecological and evolutionary factors influence human reproduction |
| fecundity | an individual’s potential capacity for reproduction |
| Why do human biologists study sex hormones? | sex hormones: -reflect variation in fecundity -are sensitive to environmental conditions -are fairly easy to measure |
| stages of the female reproductive life-course | -all eggs created in fetus -menarche = first period -age of first reproduction = first ovulatory cycle -menopause |
| phases of menstrual cycle | -Menses -Follicular phase -Ovulation -Luteal phase |
| estradiol | estrogen steroid hormone and the major female sex hormone Positively associated with follicle size, egg quality, and the thickness and morphology of the endometrium |
| progesterone | Essential for the maturation of the endometrium for successful implantation of the fertilized egg |
| factors that influence ovarian hormone levels | variations across: -populations -individuals in a population -within individuals (seasonal changes, diet, exercise) |
| evolutionary significance of ovarian suppression | negative energy balance (energy allotment, if all the available energy is spent towards staying alive, energy not spent on reproduction) |
| relationship btw ovarian hormones and health | increased hormones = higher risk of cancer |
| evolutionary perspectives of male life history strategies | -mating priority = low direct energy cost |
| male energy allocation toward mating effort | sperm cost little energy to make, prioritize mating |
| testosterone | primary male sex hormone |
| what influences testosterone? | NOT sensitive to short term negative energy balance -pulsatile nature of moment to moment variation -genetics -acute stress = lower -infection = lower -competition -age |
| GnRH | Gonadotropin-releasing hormone both men and women |
| energy status and fecundity in males vs females | males: sperm cost very little females: gestation, birth, and breastfeeding very costly |
| challenge hypothesis | testosterone spike during competition btwn potential mates |
| sexual dimorphism and mating effort | parenting effort = low dimorphism competition/mating effort = greater dimorphism |
| male energy allocation toward direct & indirect offspring care | direct: M=holding/carrying F=feeding/birth indirect: M=provide food |
| factors that influence male life history strategies | setting, food, mating, social stratification, culture |
| fertility | an individual’s actualized reproduction (# of offspring) |
| life history | The strategy an organism uses to allocate its energy towards growth, maintenance, reproduction, raising offspring to independence, and avoiding death |
| Life history theory | set of hypotheses that attempt to explain variation in life history traits across species |
| 3 fundamental trade-offs of life history traits... | 1. current vs future reproduction 2. quantity vs quality offspring 3. mating vs parenting effort |
| slow vs fast life histories | Slow: humans - high parenting, low mating Fast: mice - low parenting, high mating |
| human life history characteristics | -childhood/adolescence -long post-reproductive life -longer gestation -early weaning -short inter-birth interval |
| high energy cost of human brains require... | -calorie dense diet -small gut -altricial (born early) cooperative breeding |
| allometry | relationship of body size to shape, anatomy, physiology, and behavior |
| life history traits of human infants | high percentage body fat = altricial birth baby fat feeds brain |
| secondary altriciality | IDK HELP |
| precocial | born capable of foraging and feeding, standing early (baby foal) |
| allomothering | Infant care that is handled by any group member other than the mother |
| complementary foods | Any food or drink that is provided to the infant as it transitions away from exclusive breastfeeding |
| evolutionary significance of breast milk | Breast milk contains biological signals that reflect the mother’s nutrition and environment ex. leptin hormone and immune support |
| Why do human infants have high % of body fat? | -fuel for brain -must wait for breast milk to come in -colostrum low in calories -preparation for weaning -fat fuels infection fighting |
| developmental pattern in mammals | -dependent on mother's milk -weaning with first molar = enter juvenile stage -juvenile period ends with puberty |
| human growth pattern | baby, child, adolescent, adult, elderly |
| childhood | 2-7 no longer breast fed steady growth rapid brain development |
| Why did childhood evolve? | -decreases interbirth interval -increases chances of survival (learning) |
| adolescence | 10-18 f/12-21 m practice of adult activities |
| Why did adolescence evolve? | Adolescence is a time for apprenticeship, which increases the chances of survival (and reproduction) Better at foraging, aren't reproducing, play support for siblings, decreasing interbirth interval |
| senescence | Progressive degeneration of biological systems that follows a period of development and attainment of maximum reproductive potential |
| life expectancy at birth | Average life span resulting from all-cause mortality of a cohort |
| life span | Typical duration of existence of an individual member of a species |
| proximate vs ultimate causes | proximate: mechanism that is responsible for HOW something occurs ultimate: Foundational conditions that explain WHY something occurs |
| immune system aging | thymus and innate immunity decline adaptive immunity reduced plasticity |
| body composition and age | decreased muscle mass |
| sarcopenia | degenerative loss of muscle mass/strength |
| cardiovascular aging | enlargement of heart, increased risk of atherosclerosis, heart attack, coronary atrety disease, stroke |
| bone aging | osteoporosis and osteoarthritis |
| reproductive aging | menopause and atresia (degeneration) of oocytes testosterone decreases with age |
| rate of living hypothesis | faster metabolism = shorter lifespan smaller = mature fast = die early |
| reactive oxygen hypothesis | charged molecules are byproducts of metabolism, antioxidants help fight it |
| telomere loss | lose ends of chromosomes, gets too short and dies |
| garbage can model | body accumulates damage from all of the above (DNA mutations, telomere loss, wear and tear) |
| ultimate/evolutionary explanations of aging: | -cellular differentiation (single celled organisims are immortal) -Antagonistic pleiotropy |
| antagonistic pleiotropy | allele has beneficial effects in early life but acts to the detriment of long life (As reproductive potential declines with a age, selection against chronic degenerative conditions decreases) |
| grandmother's hypothesis | productivity led to selection for longer life span |
| embodied capital hypothesis | co-evolution of brain capacity and longevity brain learns, has learned the most in old age |
| Encephalization Quotient | EG = measure that describes how the observed brain size compares to the expected brain size based on body mass |
Created by:
egrgas
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