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Kate1756
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Tanakh | The Jewish scriptures, which is an acronym for its three major components: the Torah (Law), Nevi'im (Prophets), and Ketuvim (Writings) |
| Torah | The first five books of Moses containing the Law. |
| The Shema | The foundational declaration of Jewish faith: "Hear, O Israel: The Lord our God is one," establishing strict monotheism. |
| Diaspora | The historic scattering of the Jewish people away from the Holy Land after the Romans destroyed the temple in 70 AD. |
| The Genizah | A sacred storage canister or burial ground on synagogue property used to properly dispose of written prayers or damaged scrolls containing God's name. |
| Sofer | A highly trained holy scribe. If they make a single error while writing the holy name of God, the entire section must be discarded and restarted. |
| Mitzvot | The 613 commandments found within the Torah, made up of 248 positive rules and 365 negative rules. |
| Kosher | Jewish dietary laws derived from scripture that forbid mixing dairy and meat, and require sea creatures to have fins and scales. |
| Western Wall | Also known as the Kotel, this is the surviving retaining wall built by Herod the Great for the Second Temple complex, which functions as an active Orthodox synagogue. |
| Mechitzah | The gender partition wall used to separate men and women in an Orthodox synagogue or at the Western Wall. |
| Temple Mount | The sacred plateau sitting directly behind the Western Wall; Jewish authorities forbid walking on top of it to prevent accidentally stepping on the ancient Holy of Holies. |
| Foundation Stone | The literal bedrock at the heart of the Temple Mount, revered as the place where God created the universe and where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac. |
| Islam | The name of the religion, translating literally to "to submit one's will to God." |
| Muslim | An individual practitioner of Islam, translating to "one who submits." |
| Anno Hegirae | The Islamic lunar calendar system, which is 11 days shorter than the solar calendar, causing holy days to shift earlier each year. |
| The Hijra | The turning point of the Islamic calendar marking the year Muhammad and his followers fled persecution in Mecca for Medina. |
| Medina | Originally called Yathrib, this city's name translates to "the city" and became the refuge for early Muslims. |
| Aniconism | The religious prohibition against creating images of sentient beings or God, leading mosques to rely entirely on geometric patterns and calligraphy. |
| Surah | The term for a chapter in the Quran, which contains 114 chapters total. |
| Hadith | The secondary sacred texts in Islam consisting of the recorded spoken words, behaviors, and silences of Muhammad. |
| Greater Jihad | The internal, spiritual struggle an individual faces to overcome personal wrongdoing and live a righteous life. |
| Lesser Jihad | The physical defense of the Muslim community when under active attack. |
| Mihrab | The physical niche built into the interior wall of a mosque that points precisely in the direction of Mecca. |
| Minaret | The tall, slender tower attached to a mosque from which the call to prayer is announced. |
| Muezzin | The trained official who sings the daily call to prayer from the minaret. |
| Imam | The spiritual leader who delivers the sermon during mandatory Friday communal prayers in a mosque. |
| The Night Journey | The miraculous event where Muhammad was transported by the winged steed Buraq from Mecca to Jerusalem, ascended to heaven, and negotiated the 5 daily prayers. |
| Buraq | The mythical, winged, human-faced steed that transported Muhammad to Jerusalem during the Night Journey. |
| Dome of the Rock | A commemorative Islamic shrine built in Jerusalem around 700 AD to protect the Foundation Stone where Muhammad ascended to heaven. |
| Sunni | The largest sect of Islam (80-90%) who believed the community should elect Abu Bakr as Muhammad's successor. |
| Shia | The minority sect of Islam (~10-20%) who insisted that leadership must remain in Muhammad’s direct bloodline through his son-in-law, Ali. |
| Ishmael | The firstborn son of Abraham via Hagar, whom Muslims believe was the true son of sacrifice rather than Isaac. |
| Isa | The Arabic name for Jesus, who is revered in Islam as a major prophet, though his divinity and crucifixion are strictly rejected. |
| Shahada | The first pillar of Islam; the confession of faith: "There is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His messenger." |
| Salat | The second pillar of Islam; the ritual prayer performed 5 times a day facing Mecca. |
| Wudu | The ritual washing of the feet, hands, and face required before performing Salat. |
| Zakat | The third pillar of Islam; the mandatory almsgiving requiring Muslims to give exactly 2.5% of their total surplus wealth to charity. |
| Sawm | The fourth pillar of Islam; fasting from food, drink, and intimacy during daylight hours throughout the holy month of Ramadan. |
| Hajj | The fifth pillar of Islam; the mandatory pilgrimage to Mecca required once in a lifetime for those who are physically and financially able. |
| Kaaba | The sacred, black-draped cube building in Mecca originally built by Abraham, which Muslims walk around 7 times during the Hajj. |
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