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MED203 ECPI
MED203 CH01 STUDY GUIDE
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| MED203 CH01 STUDY GUIDE | |
| Which of the following best describes an illness? A. It is identified by the distinguishing features. B. It can be prevented by normal body structures. C. It is easier to treat than disease. D. It describes the condition of the person experiencing disease. | D. It describes the condition of the person experiencing disease. |
| Disease (signs) | • Known by its medical classification and distinguishing features. • Disease is usually tangible or measurable. • Direct result of trauma, physical agents, and poisons • Indirect result of genetic anomalies and metabolic and nutritional disturbances. |
| A disease is easier to treat than an illness. TRUE/FALSE | TRUE |
| 3 ways the body protects itself are: A. specific immune response, medication, skin B. inflammatory response, physical barriers, specific immune responses C. homeopathic remedies, physical barriers, specific inflammatory responses D. prescription medications, inflammatory response, mucous membranes | B. inflammatory response, physical barriers, specific immune responses |
| Body protects itself in 3 ways: 1. Physical barriers | skin, tears, mucous membranes, cilia, body pH |
| Body protects itself in 3 ways: 2. Inflammatory response | leukocytes rush to infection site; phagocytosis destroys microorganisms |
| Body protects itself in 3 ways: 3. Specific immune responses | antigens trigger antibody production; provides defense against disease |
| Monogenic (Mendelian) Alterations/Disorders | caused by a mutation in a single gene; pattern of inheritance determined by whether gene is dominant, recessive, or sex-linked; classified as dominant, autosomal recessive, X-/sex-linked, chromosomal, and multifactorial. |
| Chromosomal Aberrations/Disorders | caused by abnormalities in number of chromosomes/changes in chromosomal structure: additions (extra), deletions (missing), translocations (shifted from one chromosome to another or to different location on same chromosome) |
| Multifactorial Errors/Disorders | result from interaction of many factors: hereditary (multiple gene mutations) and environmental. |
| a condition or situation that may make a person more at risk or susceptible to disease. | predisposing factor |
| Predisposing factors of disease: Age | physiological changes in body can cause functional impairment; problems with temperature extremes; less physical activity tolerance; decrease immunity = lowered resistance to disease. EX: children- tonsillitis, otitis media, adenoid hyperplasia; adults/elderly- arthritis, senile dementia |
| Predisposing factors of disease: Environment (external) | exposure to air, noise, other environmental pollutants predispose people to disease; employees affected by occupational health problems; geographical locations have higher incidence of insect bites/venom. EX: unsafe drinking water, fungal growth, carpal tunnel, eye strain. |
| Predisposing factors of disease: Gender | factor when disease is physiologically based; LGBTQI have additional risks; EX: men- prostate cancer, gout; women- ovarian cancer, osteoporosis; lesbians- breast cancer; gay men- prostate, colon, testicular cancers. |
| Predisposing factors of disease: Heredity | factor when inherited trait is inherited from a parent; not easily controlled, changed, or altered. EX: cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, trisomy 21/Down syndrome. |
| Predisposing factors of disease: Lifestyle | def- consistent, integrated way of life typified by mannerisms, attitudes, possessions; influenced by: modeling family/peers, education/knowledge, personal attitudes, self-confidence, personal responsibility, life opportunities. EX: diabetes, heart disease, some cancers. |
| What is it called when leukocytes rush to the site of infection to engulf the invading organism? | Phagocytosis |
| In the past decades, evidence has indicated that some degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS) are linked to particles containing proteins called ____. | Prions |
| temporary disruption of brain function; results from closed-head injury w/o bleeding under the skull or into the brain. | concussion |
| general term for injury to the brain; brain collides within the skull: bruises brain, tears nerve fibers. | Traumatic brain injury (TBI) |
| form of TBI, bruising of brain tissue and disrupting normal nerve function; more serious than other head traumas. | (cerebral) contusion |
| What are the 5 main groups of microorganisms? | 1. fungi 2. protozoa 3. viruses 4. bacteria 5. parasites |
| ____ includes yeasts & molds present in soil, air, & water. ____ diseases, aka mycoses, develop slowly, resistant to treatment, rarely fatal. EX: histoplasmosis, coccidioidmycosis, thrush, tinea corporis (ringworm), tinea pedis (athlete's foot. | Fungi; fungal |
| Single-celled organisms with animal-like characteristics. EX: malaria, amebic dysentery, African sleeping sickness, Trichomonas vaginalis. | Protozoa |
| Smallest microorganisms, only visible via electron microscopy; independent of host cells, difficult to isolate, few respond to drug therapy; may remain dormant for long periods before becoming active. EX: common cold, West Nile virus, measles, mumps, rabies, chickenpox, herpes, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, flu, pneumonia, encephalitis. | Viruses |
| Many varieties of single-celled organisms; most are nonpathogenic/useful; classified according to shape: bacilli: rod-shaped (TB, whooping cough, tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria); spirilla: spiral-shaped (syphilis, cholera); cocci: dot-shaped (gonorrhea, meningitis, tonsillitis, boils, scarlet fever, sore throat, some skin/urinary infections) | Bacteria |
| Host-requiring organisms that include internal/external parasites; external: lice, mites; internal: helminths (wormlike, transmitted via fecal contamination) *3 classes of helminths infect humans: pinworms, tapeworms, flukes. | Parasites |
| Most common worm infection in the US; look like small threads; live in human colon/rectum; leave the anus to deposit eggs on surrounding skin tissue, causing restlessness/itching. | Pinworms |
| Long/narrow worms; depend on 2 hosts (1 human/1 animal) from egg development to larva to adult. intestinal infection when raw/contaminated meat/fish are eaten. Named for animal host: beef, pork, fish, dog ____. | Tapeworms |
| Small, leaf-shaped, flat, nonsegmented worms; infection occurs from eating uncooked fish, plants, animals from infested water. | Flukes |
| CDC reports as leading cause of death in US for age 35 and under, one person every 3 minutes. NCHS (Natl Ctr for Health Stats) states ____is 5th leading cause of death in US. includes: head, chest, abdomen/pelvis, neck/spine, extremities. | Trauma |
| Includes extreme heat/cold, ionizing radiation, extreme atmospheric pressure changes, electric shock, poisoning, near drowning, insect/animal bites, asphyxiation, burns | Physical and chemical agents that cause disease |
| Burn assessment estimating medium-large burns in adults using multiples of nine to determine the percentage of a body surface burned; less accurate for children. | Wallace rule of nines |
| Chart used to assess burns in adults and children; considers body shape and size; classified according to depth and how severely the burns penetrate the skin's surface. | Lund and Browder chart |
| neoplasm vs. cancer | neoplasm = abnormal new tissue growth (tumor); benig or malignant. cancer = general term for malignant diseases w/ uncontrolled growth. |
| Genetic feature specific to race, sex, and the individual's ability to respond; also called genetic immunity. | Natural immunity |
| Body has developed the ability to defend itself against a specific agent; "active"= protection occurs as result of prior exposure to infectious agent/it's antigens & occurs after having a disease. "passive"= when a person is given antibodies rather than producing them & occurs after receiving immunization against a disease. | Acquired immunity |
| benign vs malignant | benign = localized; doesn't spread. malignant = cancerous; invades tissue; metastasizes via blood/lymphatic system. |
| Type of acquired immunity is the body's major defense against bacteria; antibodies formed by WBCs called B-cell lymphocytes; rapid response is immediate/within 48 hours of antigen contact. binding of antibody top antigen encourages phagocytosis and activates complement system (enzyme development) | Humoral immunity |
| Type of acquired immunity is action by WBCs called T-cell lymphocytes (main protection against viruses, fungi, parasites, neoplasms, some bacteria); initiated when T-cell is sensitized; enables macrophages (killer T-cells) that are highly phagocytic. | Cell-mediated immunity |
| B-cell immunity vs. T-cell immunity | B= Humoral; produce antibodies; best defense against bacteria. T= Cell-mediated; cells directly attack infected cells; best defense against viruses/cancer cells. |
| Active immunity vs. Passive immunity | Active = body produces antibodies after disease exposure; maternal antibodies. Passive = Ready-made antibodies received from another source; vaccinations. |
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