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Exam 2 Lec 12-20
Terms to Know (12-20)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ethnocentrism | The tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards |
| classifying vs understanding human variation | Human variation is: 1. is ancient, permanent, & divinely ordained = classify 2. is a product of natural causes = understand |
| Great Chain of Being | Idea that all living creatures occupy a position on a continuous scale |
| Carolus Linnaeus | viewed humans as other animals, added them to his classification system as Homo sapiens |
| Johan Friedrich Blumenbach | - founder of physical anthropology - 5 racial categories - originated from common ancestor, but environmental factors caused differences in appearance |
| scientific racism | pseudo-scientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority |
| polygenism vs monogenism | Poly = human races were separate biological species Mono = all human races were the result of a single origin |
| typology | method for reducing a spectrum of variation to a smaller set of categories “ideal types” that are representative of a certain group |
| eugenics | Movement that sought to "improve" the human species and preserve "racial purity" through planned human breeding |
| cranial index | breath & length of skull |
| anthropometry | measurement of the human individual, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation |
| Franz Boas | Father of American Anthropology phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental change |
| Plasticity | The ability of an organism to modify its biology or behavior to respond to changes in the environment |
| Cline | A plot or map of the changes in allele, genotype, or phenotype frequencies over a geographic area |
| Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis | medical racism study the natural course of syphilis in African American men, unethical = never received a diagnosis or treatment |
| Institutional Review Board | committee at an institution that ensures scientific studies are ethical |
| It is impossible to delineate racial groups using anthropometric measures because... | 1. they're influenced by the environment 2. they're independently inherited 3. they exhibit a clinal distribution pattern |
| Racial inequalities in health | Racial disparities in health arise due to the embodiment of racial inequalities |
| racial-genetic determinism | The assumption that genetic factors contribute substantially to racial differences in biology and health |
| 3 critiques of racial-genetic determinism | 1. variation is clinal 2. variation is discordant (independently inherited) 3. variation is widely shared between species, little variation occurring between racially-defined groups |
| embodiment | concept referring to how we literally incorporate, biologically, the material and social world in which we live, from conception to death (similar to plasticity) |
| morbidity | the rate of a disease in a population |
| mortality | the proportion of deaths in a population |
| Genetic determinism | the belief that genetic contributions to phenotypes are exclusively or much more important than the contributions of other factors such as epigenetic or environmental factors, even in the case of complex traits such as behaviors and personality |
| Social Determinants of Health | economic stability, physical environment, education, food, community, health care ALL impact health outcomes |
| Intergenerational Inheritance of Health Model | focuses on how prenatal and infant exposures to environmental conditions can influence disease risk in adulthood |
| Adaptation | physiological change resulting from altered environment, improves evolutionary fitness process depends on degree/timing of exposure |
| Timescales of Adaptation Model | secs/hrs = allostasis day/mnth/season = acclimatization years = developmental adaptation decades-centuries = genetic adaptation |
| Homeostasis | state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living organisms resulting in optimal functioning |
| Allostasis | The regulation of internal biology through rapid changes in physiology |
| Acclimitization | Physiological changes that occur over the course of days to weeks that work to maintain biological functions in response to a new environmental condition |
| Developmental adaptation | Changes in physiology/morphology that occur during development in response to environmental conditions that result in an improvement in fitness |
| genetic adaptation | Adaptations to environmental conditions that arise through natural selection & are heritable via the genetic code |
| Human Energy Allocation Model | All biological processes require energy, and so biological variation is shaped by differences in energy allocation in most organisms, the energy budget is finite, and thus must be allocated across competing biological functions |
| Metabolic health | A person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease and/or adult-onset (type II) diabetes mellitus |
| subcutaneous adipose tissue | Distributed on hips, thighs and buttocks Produces fewer molecules that stimulate inflammation |
| visceral adipose tissue | Located closer to important organs Produces more inflammatory molecules |
| differences and commonalities in diets across hunter-gatherer populations | -meat, fish, plants -high fiber -low glycemic index -unsafe water sources |
| food security | access to safe & nutritious food to maintain a healthy active life |
| dietary adequacy | Extent to which food intake fulfills one’s nutritional requirements Intake vs. requirement |
| physical nutritional status | Biological indices of nutritional health/balance measured from a person’s body |
| body mass index | weight x height measurement of body mass, used to diagnose obesity |
Created by:
egrgas
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