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Hunter HumanSpecies2
Terms to Know (12-20)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ethnocentrism | The tendency to view one’s own culture as best and to judge the behavior and beliefs of culturally different people by one’s own standards |
| classifying vs understanding human variation | Human variation is: 1. is ancient, permanent, & divinely ordained = classify 2. is a product of natural causes = understand |
| Great Chain of Being | Idea that all living creatures occupy a position on a continuous scale |
| Carolus Linnaeus | viewed humans as other animals, added them to his classification system as Homo sapiens |
| Johan Friedrich Blumenbach | - founder of physical anthropology - 5 racial categories - originated from common ancestor, but environmental factors caused differences in appearance |
| scientific racism | pseudo-scientific belief that the human species is divided into biologically distinct taxa called "races", and that empirical evidence exists to support or justify racial discrimination, racial inferiority, or racial superiority |
| polygenism vs monogenism | Poly = human races were separate biological species Mono = all human races were the result of a single origin |
| typology | method for reducing a spectrum of variation to a smaller set of categories “ideal types” that are representative of a certain group |
| eugenics | Movement that sought to "improve" the human species and preserve "racial purity" through planned human breeding |
| cranial index | breath & length of skull |
| anthropometry | measurement of the human individual, for the purposes of understanding human physical variation |
| Franz Boas | Father of American Anthropology phenotypic plasticity in response to environmental change |
| Plasticity | The ability of an organism to modify its biology or behavior to respond to changes in the environment |
| Cline | A plot or map of the changes in allele, genotype, or phenotype frequencies over a geographic area |
| Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis | medical racism study the natural course of syphilis in African American men, unethical = never received a diagnosis or treatment |
| Institutional Review Board | committee at an institution that ensures scientific studies are ethical |
| It is impossible to delineate racial groups using anthropometric measures because... | 1. they're influenced by the environment 2. they're independently inherited 3. they exhibit a clinal distribution pattern |
| Racial inequalities in health | Racial disparities in health arise due to the embodiment of racial inequalities |
| racial-genetic determinism | The assumption that genetic factors contribute substantially to racial differences in biology and health |
| 3 critiques of racial-genetic determinism | 1. variation is clinal 2. variation is discordant (independently inherited) 3. variation is widely shared between species, little variation occurring between racially-defined groups |
| embodiment | concept referring to how we literally incorporate, biologically, the material and social world in which we live, from conception to death (similar to plasticity) |
| morbidity | the rate of a disease in a population |
| mortality | the proportion of deaths in a population |
| Genetic determinism | the belief that genetic contributions to phenotypes are exclusively or much more important than the contributions of other factors such as epigenetic or environmental factors, even in the case of complex traits such as behaviors and personality |
| Social Determinants of Health | economic stability, physical environment, education, food, community, health care ALL impact health outcomes |
| Intergenerational Inheritance of Health Model | focuses on how prenatal and infant exposures to environmental conditions can influence disease risk in adulthood |
| Adaptation | physiological change resulting from altered environment, improves evolutionary fitness process depends on degree/timing of exposure |
| Timescales of Adaptation Model | secs/hrs = allostasis day/mnth/season = acclimatization years = developmental adaptation decades-centuries = genetic adaptation |
| Homeostasis | state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living organisms resulting in optimal functioning |
| Allostasis | The regulation of internal biology through rapid changes in physiology |
| Acclimitization | Physiological changes that occur over the course of days to weeks that work to maintain biological functions in response to a new environmental condition |
| Developmental adaptation | Changes in physiology/morphology that occur during development in response to environmental conditions that result in an improvement in fitness |
| genetic adaptation | Adaptations to environmental conditions that arise through natural selection & are heritable via the genetic code |
| Human Energy Allocation Model | All biological processes require energy, and so biological variation is shaped by differences in energy allocation in most organisms, the energy budget is finite, and thus must be allocated across competing biological functions |
| Metabolic health | A person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease and/or adult-onset (type II) diabetes mellitus |
| subcutaneous adipose tissue | Distributed on hips, thighs and buttocks Produces fewer molecules that stimulate inflammation |
| visceral adipose tissue | Located closer to important organs Produces more inflammatory molecules |
| differences and commonalities in diets across hunter-gatherer populations | -meat, fish, plants -high fiber -low glycemic index -unsafe water sources |
| food security | access to safe & nutritious food to maintain a healthy active life |
| dietary adequacy | Extent to which food intake fulfills one’s nutritional requirements Intake vs. requirement |
| physical nutritional status | Biological indices of nutritional health/balance measured from a person’s body |
| body mass index | weight x height measurement of body mass, used to diagnose obesity |
| epidemiological transition | shift from infectious diseases to non-infectious diseases as primary causes of mortality Improved sanitation, public health, medical technology -> reduced infectious disease rate |
| homeostasis | state of steady internal physical and chemical conditions maintained by living systems internal balance |
| allostasis | regulation of internal biology through RAPID changes in physiology |
| stressor | Anything in the environment that elicits an allostatic response (ex. getting chased by a lion) |
| acute vs chronic stress | Acute: short-term crisis (getting chased by a lion) Chronic: long-term crisis (pressure at work) -Over time the stress response becomes more damaging for our health than the stressor itself |
| autonomic nervous system | Regulates unconscious bodily functions (heart rate, blushing, goosebumps, digestion) |
| sympathetic nervous system | activated by stress - controls "fight or flight" one part of the autonomic nervous system |
| parasympathetic nervous system | turned off by stress one part of the autonomic nervous system |
| neurotransmitter | chemical messenger produced by nerve cells that travels short distances & causes a neighboring cell to respond |
| hormone | chemical messenger produced by a nerve or some other type of cell that is released into the bloodstream and sends a message across the BODY |
| HPA axis | Hypothalamus-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis stress creates cortisol |
| cortisol | both a stress and metabolic hormone Functions to increase blood glucose levels, suppress the immune system, aid in metabolism, and decrease bone formation DIURNAL |
| Melanin | chemical that produces pigmentation protects from UV radiation |
| melanocyte | produces melanin |
| pheomelanin | reddish pigmentation (red hair=equal eumelanin & pheomelanin) DOESN'T protect from UV radiation = why redheads burn easily) |
| eumelanin | black/brown pigments (blonde hair=only brown eumelanin) |
| ultraviolet radiation UVR | radiation emitted by sun too much can cause sunburns, skin cancer, degrades folate |
| MC1R gene | Regulates production of melanocortin 1 receptor (related to normal pigmentation) stimulates production of eumelanin |
| folate | vitamin responsible for red blood cell formation & cell growth and function critical building block of embryonic development degraded folate impacts evolutionary fitness |
| vitamin D | helps your body absorb calcium and phosphorus to assist in bone growth/maintenance |
| tanning response | When skin produces eumelanin pigment as a result of seasonal high UVR exposure (UV-induced stress) |
| Allen's Rule | body morphology: Animals adapted to warm climates will have longer limbs/appendages than animals adapted to cold climates In a cold climate, it is advantageous to have a low surface-area-to volume ratio |
| Bergmann's Rule | greater fat and muscle mass prevent heat loss larger animals = colder environments smaller animals = warmer regions |
| vasoconstriction | constrict blood vessels to prevent heat loss |
| vasodilation | widen blood vessels lowers blood pressure, allows greater blood flow |
| thermogenesis | generating heat |
| indirect calorimetry | A method for calculating a person’s metabolic rate by measuring their oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production |
| non-shivering thermogenesis | Heat that is produced through biological mechanisms that are separate from muscle twitching/shivering |
| brown adipose tissue | stores energy used in thermogenesis PRODUCES HEAT |
| acclimatization to cold stress | -Lower shivering threshold, faster initiation of NST -Hunter's response = alternating vaso constriction & dilation -increase basal metabolic rate -increase thyroid hormone production & tissue uptake from circulation -increase in brown adipose tissue |
| Hunting's response | process of alternating vasoconstriction and vasodilation in extremities exposed to cold |
| seasonal change in thyroid hormone | T3 production increases in the winter, increases metabolism - producing more heat |
| developmental adaptations to cold stress (via brown adipose tissue plasticity) | -adults that report spending more time outside during the winter during early childhood exhibit greater BAT thermogenesis |
| candidate gene approach | zooming in on a specific gene that's function is known to see if it's adaptation has been chosen by natural selection (allele frequency) trying to find genetic adaptations |
| acute vs chronic mountain sickness | acute: temporary adverse reaction (grew up sea-level, travel to high altitude) chronic: some well-adapted high-altitude residents can lose their adaptation and become ill (from high altitude, become affected over lifetime) |
| hypobaric hypoxia | -reduced oxygen in the ambient air OR -in the blood stream compared to at sea level |
| genome-wide association study | find genetic adaptations no specific genes, look at everything |
| oxygen transport | breathe in lungs, attaches to hemoglobin, transports throughout body |
| hypoxia indubible factors (HIF) | increases: RBC count, blood flow, grow new blood vessels, shift oxygen efficient biochemical pathways |
| arterial saturation (SaO2) | Percentage of arterial hemoglobin that is saturated with (carrying) oxygen |
| hypoxic ventilatory response | An immediate increase in the depth and rate of breathing, increases energy expenditure |
| vital capacity | The maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximal inspiration (Andean adaptation) |
| residual volume | Volume of air that remains in the lungs after a complete expiration (both Tibetan and Andean adaptation) |
| immune system | defense system comprising of many biological structures and processes within an organism that protects against infectious disease |
| innate immunity | Defenses that don’t depend on prior exposure to the disease evolved before adaptive immunity First line of defense (ex mucosal membranes, antimocrobial proteins, phagocytic cells, inflammatory response) |
| adaptive immunity | defenses dependent on prior exposure to an antigen AKA acquired/specific immunity - specific, diverse, has memory ex. lymphocytes |
| antigen | a substance that elicits a specific immune response pathogens like bacteria, viruses, parasites |
Created by:
egrgas
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