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Latin American Revol
2026- Third Partial-Diana Muñoz
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What were the three main characteristics of the Spanish colonial system in Latin America? | The system depended on three things: colonial governments based on European models, the strong influence of the Catholic religion, and a mercantilist economic relationship with Spain and Portugal. |
| How did European traditions influence colonial governments in Latin America? | Colonists replicated what they knew from home, so colonial government administrations were based on and reflected the governments they had left behind in Europe. |
| What role did religion play in colonial Latin America? | Colonists brought their Catholic beliefs with them, and the Catholic religion heavily impacted colonial society and its development. |
| What was the economic relationship between Latin American colonies and their European mother countries? | The colonies maintained a mercantilist relationship with Spain and Portugal, supplying resources to benefit the mother countries. |
| What was the sistema de castas in Latin America? | The sistema de castas was a rigid social structure that organized colonial society based on birthplace, ancestry, and race. |
| Who were at the top of the social hierarchy? | The peninsulares were at the top. They were people born in Spain who came to the colonies to serve in government positions. |
| What position did criollos hold in colonial society? | Criollos were below the peninsulares. They were white Europeans born in the Americas and often owned haciendas, plantations, and mines. |
| Who were the mestizos and mulattos? | : Mestizos were people of mixed European and Amerindian ancestry, while mulattos were of mixed European and African ancestry. |
| What was the status of Amerindians and Africans in the caste system? | Amerindians were near the bottom of the social hierarchy and were generally poor peasants, while Africans occupied the lowest position and were forced to live as slaves. |
| How did the sistema de castas determine a person's place in colonial society? | The sistema de castas determined a person's social status based on their birthplace, ancestry, and race, with peninsulares at the top and Africans at the bottom. |
| Why did many Latin American colonies seek independence? | Many colonies wanted independence because revolutionary leaders inspired people to break free from French, Spanish, and Portuguese control. |
| How did Toussaint L’Ouverture contribute to independence in Haiti? | He led a successful slave rebellion in Haiti, which abolished slavery and achieved independence. |
| What role did Father Miguel Hidalgo play in New Spain's independence movement? | He rallied the peasant population to begin the independence movement against Spanish rule. |
| How did Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin help achieve independence? | They led military campaigns against Spain throughout South and Central America, liberating many territories. |
| How did Brazil gain independence under Dom Pedro I? | When ordered to return to Portugal, Dom Pedro I refused and instead led Brazil's independence movement, becoming emperor of the Empire of Brazil. |
| What was the overall result of these independence movements? | French, Spanish, and Portuguese colonies in Latin America gained independence from their mother countries in the early 1800s. |
| Why did people in Haiti want independence? | Slaves in Haiti wanted freedom from slavery and colonial rule, leading them to rebel under Toussaint L’Ouverture. |
| Why did people in New Spain (mexico) want independence? | Father Miguel Hidalgo encouraged the poor and powerless to seek a more equitable and just society through independence. |
| Why did many Spanish colonies in South and Central America want independence? | They wanted to free themselves from Spanish control, which led Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin to organize independence movements. |
| How did mercantilism affect trade in the Spanish colonies ? | The colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain, and the trade was conducted at rates that benefited Spanish merchants. |
| Which goods were produced in Latin America and then traded? | Latin American Empire produced many goods, including coffee, cacao, textiles, wine, minerals, and more. |
| What did many colonists do in response to Spain's trade restrictions? | Many sold their goods illegally to British and American merchants. |
| How did Napoleon's actions in Spain affect Latin America? | In 1808, Napoleon invaded Spain and Portugal and replaced Charles IV with his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, which angered many people in the colonies. |
| How did the chaos in Spain encourage independence movements? | The political instability in Spain gave colonists an opportunity to rebel while claiming they were still loyal to Spain. |
| How did the American and French Revolutions influence Latin America? | They heavily impacted Latin America and encouraged independence movements throughout the region. |
| What were Enlightenment ideas? | Enlightenment ideas promoted liberty, equality, reason, and natural rights. |
| How did Enlightenment ideas affect Latin America? | They inspired people to question colonial rule and seek independence. |
| How did Enlightenment ideas encourage independence movements? | They convinced many colonists that they should govern themselves instead of being controlled by European countries. |
| What was the Monroe Doctrine? | The Monroe Doctrine was a policy issued by President James Monroe in 1823 that recognized the independence of the newly liberated Latin American nations. |
| How did the Monroe Doctrine affect newly independent Latin American countries? | It helped protect them by warning European powers not to interfere with or try to control independent countries in the Western Hemisphere. |
| Who issued the Monroe Doctrine and when? | President James Monroe issued it in 1823. |
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