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WEEK 9:
Groups and Social Support:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| definition of group | 2 or more individuals in face to face interaction each aware of their membership of the group and the others who belong and their positive interdependence as they strive to achieve mutual goals |
| types of groups | primary and secondary formal and informal |
| primary groups | small and characterised by close, personal relationships that last a long time |
| secondary groups | include impersonal temporary relationships that are goal oriented |
| to function well groups need characteristics including: | Establishment of group norms Roles for group members Cohesiveness Effective leadership? Sometimes not necessary… |
| norms definition | Define what is acceptable, and what is not Can be enforced by laws/legitimacy, or implied and taken for granted (Garfinkel, 1967) Deviation or dissent from norms can lead to vilification and derogation Have a strong effect on people Newcomb 1965 |
| roles in a group (3) | task roles (getting work done- making ideas) social roles (positive functioning- encouraging) dysfunctional roles (disrupt progress- disrupting) |
| cohesiveness predicts | Conformity to group norms Accentuated similarity (self-stereotyping and in-group member stereotyping) Improved intragroup communication (use of jargon, ‘restricted’ codes) Enhanced liking |
| leadership has to be | both task and people orientate |
| effect of groups in changing for smoking cessation | chances of quitting doubled in groups compared to self help |
| effect of groups in changing for alcohol dependence | none of the experimental studies demonstrated effectiveness of AA or TSF for reducing alcohol dependence of problems |
| perceived support | subjective, feeling that you will have support in time of need |
| received support | supportive actions by others, tangible |
| structural support | how well integrated into a social network you are |
| other types of social support | emotional (empathy) tangible (financial) informational (advice) companionship (mere presence of others) |
| social isolation | objective state of having minimal social contract with other individuals |
| solitude | voluntary distancing from ones social network |
| singing group effect | faster bonding - ice breaker effect |
| loneliness is a risk factor for | Impaired daytime functioning Reduced physical activity Lower subjective wellbeing Poorer physical health |
| higher loneliness scores predicted | Depressive symptomology (see Wang et al 2018) Reduced cognitive performance Dementia progression Increase in nursing home admissions Heart disease, stroke and hypertension in older adults |
| interventions | Social skill improvement enhanced social support (mentoring, home visits) increased opportunity for social interaction (telephone outreach) social cognition (CBT) |
| do the interventions work? | small effect size for interventions those addressing social cognition were most effective gender was a moderator - studies with more women showed greatest reduction in loneliness |
| who benefits most from intervention | older woman |
Created by:
kablooey
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