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WEEK 9:
Carbohydrates 3: oxidative phosphorylation:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| how many complexes involved in ETC | 4 (I-IV) |
| how many protein pumps involved in ETC | 3 (I,II, IV) |
| where is the link between TCA and ETC | complex II |
| coenzyme Q (CoQ) also known as | unbiquinon (UbQ) |
| smaller components involved in ETC | CoQ and cytochrome c |
| complex I | accepts electrons from NADH -> NADH+, transfers these electrons to CoQ (via FMN and Fe-S cofactors) and 4H+ pumped from the matrix to the intermembrane space |
| CoQ | small lipid soluble compound (hydrophobic quinone) which diffuses rapidly within inner mitochondral membrane (IMM) and accepts electrons from F-S proteins from complex I and complex II and transfers them to complex III (cytochrome C) |
| complex II (succinate dehydrogenase) | part of TCA cycle (succinate to fumerate) which generates FADH2 (prosthetic group) which is oxidised to make FAD and released electrons are transferred to CoQ via Fe-S proteins |
| succinate to fumerate reaction makes | FADH2 (prosthetic group) which is oxidised to make FAD |
| complex III (cytochrome C reductase) | haem prosthetic group which accepts electrons from CoQ and these are transferred to small protein cytochrome c with 4 protons pumped across IMM |
| cytochrome C | peripheral membrane protein loosely bound to IMM and binds to complex III and transfers electrons to complex IV - it is highly conserved evolutionarily |
| complex IV (cytochrome C oxidase) | multisubunit protein containing heme groups and copper ions involving reduction of O2 to 2H2O (requiring 4 reduced cytochrome c molecules and eight protons from matrix) and produces 2 pumped protons |
| complex V (ATP synthase) | embedded in inner mitochondral membrance composed of 2 subunits (F1 ATPase - makes ATP, and Fo coupling factor - proton channel) |
| what are the 2 subunits making the ATP synthase complex V | F1 ATPase and F0 coupling factor |
| F1 ATPase | one part making the ATP synthase in complex V responsible for generating ATP |
| F0 coupling factor | one part making the ATP synthase in complex V acting as a proton channel |
| how does ATP synthase actually make ATP | protons pumped to cytosolic side of mitochondral membrane re-enter matrix through F0 proton channel and this passive drives rotation of C-ring of F0 altering its conformation of b-subunit of F1 domain forming ATP from ADP and Pi |
| why do electrons bind to oxygen here | accepting carrier oxygen has a higher affinity for electrons than the donating carriers NADH and FADH2 |
| example of ATPase inhibitors | oligomycin (block flow of electrons) |
| uncouplers | allow electron flow but neutralise the proton gradient and prevent ATP synthesis including chemical and natural types |
| chemical ETC uncouplers example | dinitrophenol (forms proton ionophore that dissipates H+ gradient) |
| natural uncoupling agents in ETC example | thermogenin (UCP1), mitochondria from brown adipose tissue, ETC energy generates heat; non shivering thermogenesis, and newborns & hibernating animals |
Created by:
kablooey
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