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Neuropeptides

Uni of Notts, Neurobiology of Disease, year 2, topic 15

TermDefinition
Neuropeptides Small protein-like molecules enabling communication between neurons as well as other cell types (such as pancreatic beta cells)
Autocrine cellular signaling Occurs when a cell secretes a signaling molecule that binds to its own receptors
Paracrine cellular signaling Occurs when a cell releases signal molecules to target neighboring cells
Endocrine cellular signaling Involves signaling molecules traveling through the bloodstream to act on distant cells
Neuropeptide release locations Released at many points along the cell membrane rather than solely at presynaptic terminals
Neuropeptide recycling? Unlike neurotransmitters, are never recycled by neurons back into presynaptic vesicles.
Neuropeptide functional classes endoopioids (endorphins), peptide hormones (oxytocin & vassopressin), & hypothalamic releasing hormones (CRH)
Neuropeptide synthesis Long prepropeptides contain signal peptides, prompt cleavage into propeptides by signal peptidases, propeptides cleaved by endo- & exopeptidases into simple peptides, then modified by glycosylation or nitrosylation
Synthesis sites compared to neurotransmitters Synthesized as prepropeptides in the rough ER & Golgi, whereas standard neurotransmitters are made in cytosol
Neuropeptide vesicle storage Stored in large dense-core vesicles (LDCVs), whereas common neurotransmitters utilize small secretory vesicles (SSVs)
Response speed & duration neuropeptides vs neurotransmitters High molecular weight causes slow-acting, prolonged responses compared to neurotransmitters
Axonal transport & release delay neuropeptides vs neurotransmitters Move slowly across axons centimeters per day; neurotransmitters release milliseconds after action potentials
Cytosolic calcium requirements Require much lower cytosolic calcium concentrations for vesicle release than standard neurotransmitters
Diffusion pattern during neurotransmission Diffuse outward multidirectionally instead of directional release across a tight synaptic cleft
Potency compared to neurotransmitters Roughly 1000x more powerful than classic neurotransmitters but behave as slow neuromodulators
Stimulation requirements for release Stored in fewer large dense core vesicles (LDVCs), requiring a prolonged period of high-frequency stimulation
Neuropeptide degradation mechanism Lack specific enzymatic degradation; must be endocytosed & broken down by lysosomes
Tachykinin & primary structure characteristic Largest neuropeptide family, neurokinin that can help reduce chemotherapy nausea. Position 4 on the primary structure is always a hydrophobic residue, usually phenylalanine (F)
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) G-protein coupling characteristics Receptors 2 & 4 utilize Gq pathways; receptor subtypes 1, 3, & 5 utilize Gi pathways
BDNF downstream cascade functions Activates TrkB & CREB pathways to control neurogenesis, cell survival, & long-term potentiation. Also activates mTor to increase lipid biosynthesis for expanding the membrane in synaptogenesis
Somatostatin & tissue isoforms Inhibits release of hormones like insulin & glucagon. Brain isoform contains 14 amino acids; gastrointestinal isoform contains 28 amino acids. Helps clear beta-amyloid plaques which reduces Alzheimer's
Corticostatin stimulation behavior Part of the somatostatin family; pathway activation in rodents triggers anxiogenic (anxiety-inducing) behaviors. Is also involved in analgesia & sleep
Neuropeptide Y One of the most abundant neurotransmitters. Regulates: brain activity, mood, stress coping, ingestion, digestion, metabolism, vascular & immune function; often in the ANS
Created by: Denny12
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