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Ancient Rome
Terms and People from the Roman Republic and Empire
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| patricians | Wealthy landowners and Rome's ruling class. |
| plebians | Most of the people in Rome. Not as wealthy as patricians--were shopkeepers, artisans, owners of small farms |
| consuls | 2 patricians that headed the government. They served one year in office |
| veto | Latin for "I forbid". Consuls could do this to each other |
| praetors | people in government who interpreted the law and served as judges. Could also lead armies |
| tribunes | Elected by the Council of Plebs who voiced plebian concerns to the government. |
| dictator | A strong leader in charge of Rome during difficult or dangerous times. |
| civic duty | The idea that citizens have a responsibility to help their country. |
| Twelve Tables | Rome's written code of law. Supported the idea that plebians and patricians had the right to be treated equally. |
| Senate | A group of 300 patrician men that served for life |
| Assembly of Centuries | elected consuls and praetors and passed laws. |
| Cincinnatus | A famous Roman dictator who served for 16 days and then returned to his life. |
| Carthage | a powerful trading empire based along the North African coast and Rome's main rival. |
| Hannibal | A general from Carthage who took an army to Italy and raided the country. |
| latifunda | large farming estates owned by wealthy Romans |
| Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus | Brothers who were both elected tribune and tried to make land reforms to help the Roman poor. Both were killed. |
| Marius | A consul who started to make the army into professional soldiers. |
| Sulla | A Roman general who declared himself dictaor and tried to make reforms to help the Republic. |
| triumvirate | a political group of three people who share equal power. |
| Crassus | Member of the first triumvirate who died in battle in 53 BCE |
| Pompey | Member of the first triumvirate who had the support of the Roman Senate and was Caesar's main rival for power. |
| Caesar | Member of the first triumvirate who conquered Gaul and invaded Britain. Started a civil war with Pompey and won. Declared himself dictator for life and was killed on March 15, 44 BCE by his good friend Brutus. |
| Mark Antony | Member of the second triumvirate. Was one of Caesar's generals who allied with Cleopatra and was defeated by Octavian |
| Cleopatra | Egyptian ruler who allied with both Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Committed suicide after Antony's death. |
| Octavian | Member of the second triumvirate. Julius Caesar's grandnephew who defeated Antony and Cleopatra and was declared Augustus or "the majestic one". Became the first Roman Emperor |
| Marcus Lepidius | Member of the second triumvirate who was forced to retire by Octavian |
| Rubicon River | A small river that Julius Caesar crossed as he marched on Rome and defeated Pompey. |
| gladiators | enslaved people, criminals, prisoners of war, or poor people that fought each other to the death or battled wild animals in stadiums such as the Colosseum. |
| anatomy | the study of body structure |
| vault | curved ceiling |
| satires | works that poked fun at human weaknesses, much like comedians do today |
| odes | poems that express strong emotions about life. |
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