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gt unit 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Caravel | A small, fast European sailing ship used in the 1400s–1500s for exploration. It could sail windward and travel long distances. |
| Lateen Sail | A triangular sail that allows ships to sail against the wind more effectively, helping enable long ocean voyages. |
| Astrolabe | An old navigation tool used to measure the position of stars and determine latitude at sea. |
| Bartholomew Dias | A Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa, opening the sea route to the Indian Ocean. |
| Nationalism | A belief that people with shared language, culture, or history should form their own nation and have self-rule. |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | A Portuguese prince who sponsored voyages along Africa’s coast and supported early exploration efforts. |
| Vasco de Gama | A Portuguese explorer who was the first to sail directly from Europe to India by sea. |
| Asante Kingdom | A powerful West African empire known for its wealth, gold trade, and strong military organization. |
| British East India Company | A British company that controlled trade in India and parts of Asia and helped expand British imperial power. |
| Columbian Exchange | The global transfer of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Americas, Europe, and Africa after 1492. |
| Dutch East India Company | A powerful Dutch trading company that dominated spice trade and helped build the Dutch colonial empire. |
| Kingdom of Kongo | A Central African kingdom that traded with Europeans and was heavily affected by the Atlantic slave trade. |
| Chattel Slavery | A system where enslaved people are considered personal property for life, and their children are also enslaved. |
| Coercive Labor System | Any system where people are forced or heavily pressured to work against their will. |
| Encomienda System | A Spanish labor system where colonists forced Indigenous people to work in exchange for “protection” and Christianization. |
| Hacienda System | A large estate system in Spanish colonies where landowners controlled labor and production, often using Indigenous or mixed-race workers. |
| Indentured Servitude | A system where people worked for a set number of years in exchange for passage to the Americas, food, or shelter. |
| Mita System | A Spanish colonial labor system that forced Indigenous people in the Andes to work in mines (especially silver). |
| Middle Passage | The brutal sea journey that transported enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas. |
| Plantation Economy | An economic system based on large farms growing cash crops like sugar, cotton, and tobacco using enslaved labor. |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal dividing newly discovered lands outside Europe. |
| Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | The forced movement of millions of Africans to the Americas to work as enslaved laborers. |
| Triangular Trade | A trade system between Europe, Africa, and the Americas exchanging goods, enslaved people, and raw materials. |
| Joint-Stock Company | A business where many investors pool money together to fund trade voyages and share profits and risks. |
| Mercantilism | An economic system where countries try to accumulate wealth (gold/silver) by exporting more than they import. |
| Muslim-European Rivalry | Competition and conflict between European states and Muslim empires over trade routes and political power. |
| Vodun | A traditional West African religion focused on spirits, ancestors, and nature forces. |
| *Maratha Conflict | A series of conflicts involving the Maratha Empire in India as it expanded and resisted outside powers. |
| Maroon Societies | Communities formed by escaped enslaved Africans who created independent settlements in remote areas. |
| Boyars | Powerful landowning nobles in Russia who served the tsar and controlled large estates. |
| Casta System | A racial hierarchy in Spanish America based on ancestry, ranking people by European, African, and Indigenous heritage. |
| Jewish Migrations | Movements of Jewish populations across Europe and beyond, often due to persecution or economic opportunity. |
| Peninsulares | People born in Spain or Portugal who lived in the colonies and held the highest political positions. |
| Creoles | People of European descent born in the Americas. |
| Mestizos | People of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry in Spanish colonies. |
| Mulattoes | People of mixed European and African ancestry in colonial societies. |
Created by:
FutureBurnout
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