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World History REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acropolis | a fortified part of an ancient Greek city, typically on a hill |
| adapt | to change or adjust according to one's environment |
| aqueduct | a manmade channel designed to transport water |
| archaeologist | a person who studies remains of PREHISTORY |
| artifact | an item created or modified by humans |
| artisan | a worker in a skilled trade who creates things by hand |
| barter | to exchange goods and services, for other goods and services |
| Buddhism | a nontheistic (no gods) religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama which focuses on ending suffering and reaching enlightenment |
| Byzantine | referring to the Eastern Roman Empire centered around Constantinople |
| city-state | an independent political unit consisting of a single city and its surrounding land |
| civilization | a complex, highly-organized community of humans characterized by urban development, social structure, specialized labor and advanced cultural or technological systems |
| Confucianism | an ancient Chinese system of ethical, social and political philosophy based on the teachings of Confucius, that emphasizes respect and personal virtue |
| cultural diffusion | the spread of cultural elements (art, religion, language, technology) between civilizations |
| cuneiform | one of the earliest known systems of writing, developed in ancient Sumer |
| Daoism | an ancient Chinese philosophical and religious path based on simplicity, balance and harmony with nature |
| democracy | a system of government where the people vote and make decisions |
| domesticate | to adapt plants or animals to live closely with humans over time, usually through selective breeding |
| drought | a long period of unusually low precipitation, resulting in a water shortage |
| dynasty | a series of rulers from the same family, lineage or group |
| famine | an extreme, widespread shortage of food |
| Fertile Crescent | a crescent-shaped section of highly fertile land, spanning modern-day Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan, as well as parts of Turkey and Iran |
| filial piety | a core value of Confucianism emphasizing deep love and respect towards elders and ancestors |
| Great Wall | a vast series of barriers, fortifications and watchtowers spanning for thousands of miles across China's northern border |
| Greco-Roman culture | a blend of Greek and Roman cultural, artistic and political characteristics that dominated the Mediterranean world during the Roman Empire |
| Hammurabi's Code | a comprehensive legal code with 282 laws written by King Hammurabi of Babylon |
| hieroglyphic | a pictorial style of written language used in ancient Egypt |
| hunter-gatherer | a member of a society which gathers food solely through foraging for plants and hunting wild animals, rather than agriculture |
| irrigate | to supply plants with water through artificial means (ex: pipes, sprinklers, canals) |
| Justinian's Code | a comprehensive legal code written by Emperor Justinian of the Byzantine Empire |
| karma | the universal principle of cause and effect; a person's intentions and actions influence their future destiny, even across lifetimes |
| legalism | a political ideology emphasizing the strict adherence to the word of the law, rather than its intent or specific circumstances |
| Mandate of Heaven | an ancient Chinese political and philosophical doctrine, which states that the emperor's rule is approved by the divine |
| maritime | referring to the sea, especially overseas trade or military activity |
| Mesopotamia | the historical region of Southwest Asia located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| metallurgy | the process of refining metal ores by smelting or processing for human use |
| migrate | to move from one region to another |
| missionary | a person sent to a specific region by a religious organization to spread their faith, often by preaching and aiding others |
| monotheism | the belief in the existence of only one god |
| mummy | a preserved human or animal body (intentionally or naturally), most famously preserved in cloth in ancient Egypt |
| New Testament | the second major book of the Bible, documenting the life and teachings of Jesus Christ |
| oral tradition | the preservation of a culture's knowledge, history, beliefs and artistic expression through spoken word or performance |
| papyrus | a thick paper-like writing material made from reeds native to the Nile River valley |
| Pax Romana | a 200-year-long period of relative peace and economic stability in the Roman Empire |
| pharaoh | a title given to the ruler of ancient Egypt |
| philosophy | a systematic, rational study or process of thinking, especially concerning ethics, existence and the fundamental truths of nature and the human mind |
| polytheism | the belief in the existence of multiple gods |
| prehistory | the vast period of human history before the invention of written records |
| prophet | a person regarded as a spiritual teacher and leader, who communicates messages on the behalf of a divine force (such as God) |
| reincarnation | the religious belief that the soul persists after death and is born into a new body on Earth |
| religion | a structured system of beliefs and practices that connects humanity to a spiritual or supernatural source |
| Romance language | a branch of human languages that descends from Latin (ex: Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese) |
| rule of law | the foundational principle of law that every person or entity, no matter how powerful, must follow the laws of the land |
| Silk Road | the vast, 4000-mile road that connects China to the rest of Asia, Europe, and Africa by land and sea |
| social class | a hierarchal grouping of people based on socioeconomic status and occupation (jobs) |
| standardize | to bring all items into unity with one norm, or established model |
| surplus | an amount of items or resources that exceeds what is needed to survive |
| tyranny | rule by a single ruler with absolute, unchecked power |
| Veda | the earliest and most sacred texts of Hinduism (name means "knowledge" or "vision" in Sanskrit) |
| ziggurat | an ancient Mesopotamian tower shaped like a pyramid, often used as a temple and intended to connect humanity to the heavens |
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