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WEEK 2:
Blood and Microcirculation:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| plasma proteins | albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen |
| albumins function | transport and colloidal osmotic pressure |
| globulins function | transport, clotting, and precursors to hormones (angiotensinogen) and defense |
| fibrinogen function | clotting |
| serum | coagulated plasma |
| platelets (thrombocytes) | small anuclear fragments of megakaryocyte cells in bone marrow |
| granular WBC (3) | neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils |
| agranular WBCs (2) | monocytes and lymphocytes |
| neutrophil function | leave circulatory system in response to tissue damage, remove damaged tissue and kill and phagocytose invading organisms. Are increased in bacterial infection and inflammation |
| eosinophil function | elevated in allergic reactions and in parasitic infection |
| basophil function | phagocytosis and produce heparin and histamine |
| lymphocyte function | immunologic response (antibodies) increased in viral infections |
| monocyte function | phagocytosis (rarely elevated TB) and in tissue it is called macrophage |
| leukopaenia | lower WBC count |
| leukopaenia can be caused by | bone marrow failure eg due to radiation |
| leukocytosis | high number of WBs |
| leukocytosis can be caused by | infection and inflammation or leukaemia |
| enzyme found elevated in blood when cardiac muscle is damaged | cardiac troponin-T and creatine kinase (MB isoform) |
| enzyme found elevated in blood when hepatocyte damaged | alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) |
| enzyme found elevated in blood when striated muscle damaged | creatine kinase (MM isoform) |
| enzyme found elevated in blood when exocrine pancreas cell damaged | amylase |
| ESR | measurement of fibrinogen (rouleaux) how long it takes for RBC to fall to bottom of the test tube |
| haematopoiesis | formation of blood cells |
| where does haematopoiesis occur before birth initially | in yolk sac then embryonic liver and spleen |
| when is bone marrow established | from 20 weeks gestation |
| where does haematopoiesis occur after birth | by birth it only occurs in bone marrow |
| in healthy adults, haematopoiesis is restricted to | proximal long bones |
| features of haematopoietic stem cells | few of them, can self renew (generate more stem cells), and majority not stem cells but starting to differentiate |
| myeloid pathway includes (3) | erythroid series (RBC) including granulocytic series (neutrophils, macrophages etc), and megakaryocytes (platelets) |
| lymphoid pathway includes | B and T lymphocytes and related cells |
| leukaemia | malignancy of bone marrow (malignancy of haematopoietic cells that are present in blood and bone marrow) where an increased number of circulating leucocytes is seen. Malignant cells are myeloid/ lymphoid and is acute or chronic |
| types of leukaemia (4) | acute myeloid leukaemia, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, chronic myeloid leukaemia, and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia |
| acute leukaemias | uncommon but account for a lot of childhood cancers and are characterised by increased immature cells in marrow (blast), short survival (weeks to months) if untreated), and clinical features of bone marrow failure |
| clinical features of acute leukaemias | reduced production of RBC (leads to anaemia, breathlessness, dizziness, fatigue, paleness), reduced production of mature myeloid cells (increasing susceptibility to bacterial/ fungal infection), and low platelet count (bleeding of skin, gums, nose etc) |
| pre-capillary sphincters function | control flow of blood through capillary bed |
| capillary endothelial cells are joined by | tight junctions and contain many vesicles |
| capillary endothelial cell function | permeability barrier, produces ECM, produces factors that modulate blood flow, produces anticoagulants and prothrombotics, regulates inflammation, and cell growth |
| types of capillaries (3) | continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal |
| transport of gasses and ions across endothelial cells is via | diffusion via intercellular space (cells) |
| transport of proteins and lipids across endothelial cells is via | transcytosis (via pinocytotic vesicles) via intercellular space (cells) |
| appearance of neutrophils | (49-67%) several lobed nucleus and granules barely visible |
| appearance of eosinophils | (1.5-5%) nucleus normally bilobed with dominant same size pink granules |
| appearance of basophils | (0.01-0.3%) nucleus bi/tri lobed with dominant purple granules which vary in size |
| appearance of lymphocytes | (25-28% ) compact, round nucleus (most have little bluish cytoplasm) barely visible |
| appearance of monocytes | (8-9%) large nucleus bean shaped (kidney) with bluish cytoplasm and NO granules |
Created by:
kablooey
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