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WEEK 26:
The physiological effects of ageing on muscles:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| sarcopenia | age related loss of muscle mass and function where appendicular skeletal muscle mass being <2 standard deviations below mean of young reference group |
| how much muscle mass is loss with age | 2-3% per annum from 40 years |
| MVC | maximal voluntary contraction where actions that exceed MVC cannot be performed |
| explain the difference between slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibre area loss with ageing | no change in slow twitch muscle fibre area with ageing but a 35% loss of fast twitch muscle fibre area |
| mechanisms leading to sarcopenia (3) | insufficient protein intake, anabolic blunting, and loss of motor function |
| insufficient protein intake leads to | negative nitrogen balance, losses of lean body mass and muscle mass, and diminished muscle strength |
| what is anabolic blunting | diminished ability in muscles to undergo protein synthesis |
| anabolic resistance can be overcome in older people by | high dose protein ingestion BUT acute and chronic interventions suggest protein ingestion does not increase muscle mass |
| age related decline in maximal oxygen consumption and total cross sectional area of leg begin in | early adulthood |
| accelerated loss of total muscle area and a decrease in muscle fibre number begins at | about 50 years old, partly because of the loss of spinal motor neurons and motor units |
| the loss of spinal motor neurons and motor units become apparent at | about 60 yrs old |
| glucose tolerance is determined by | balance of insulin secretion and insulin action |
| describe glucose tolerance with age | deteriorates with age |
| describe insulin secretion with increasing age | insulin secretion does not appear to be reduced with increasing age even though beta cell function has been proposed to decline with ageing |
| what percentage of the EU population are reportedly failing to meet physical activity guidelines | 50% |
| which chronic age related disease has the most activity (steps) (2) | type 1 and type 2 diabetes |
| which chronic age related disease has the least activity (steps) (2) | COPD and fibromyalgia |
| how is sarcopenia partly reversible | using resistance exercise trainign interventions (Even in 90 year old care home residents) |
| training has what effect of muscle | positive effects on both muscle mass and muscle quality |
| how does resistance exercise impact muscle mass and function and how | resistance exercise positively impacts muscle mass and function, which is likely to be linked to increases in muscle protein synthesis (Akt/mTOR signaling axis) and satellite cell activation |
| ageing is associated with | decrease in concentrations of growth hormone (GH), testosterone (T), and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) |
| what effects does muscle have, what does it do | insulin sensitivity and increases muscle capillarisation and mitchondrial mass whilst reducing muscle fat mass |
| confounding variables leading to sarcopenia (6) | diminished sense of taste and smell, chewing problems, salivary glands shrink and less saliva is secreted, digestive tract degenerates, food choices, and muscle coordination |
| how does sense of taste and smell diminishing with age lead to sarcopenia | leads to lack of interest in food |
| explain how chewing problems lead to sarcopenia | a large population of the elderly do not have teeth or are missing teeth leading to problems with chewing firmer foods which contain fibre |
| explain how salivary glands being shrunk and less saliva secreted leads to | lack of saliva can retard the digestion of starches and dry foods arent moistened properly so it can be difficult to swallow |
| why does digestive tract degenerating lead to sarcopenia | less gastric acid and less of the enzymes are secreted so intestinal motility decreases and constipation increases |
| how can food choices lead to sarcopenia | determined by the degree of discomfort that follows a meal so variety of foods tolerated by the elderly becomes so mall that insufficient nutrients are ingested |
| how does muscle co-ordination lead to sarcopenia | decreases making daily activities like cooking difficult |
Created by:
kablooey
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