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Evolution
Language
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PETA argued for selfie rights for a monkey? | Naruto pressed capture to take a selfie |
| Upper paleolithic tools and art reflect abstract thinking associated with ______ and _________ concepts | speech and language examples: Lascaux caves, Chauvet |
| Language acquisition in _______ may give clue about how language as whole started | children |
| Noam Chomsky | Importance of language is not communication but internal Instrument of thought Languages dont evolve, they change Communication may occur because of previously thought ideas |
| Humans have little innate biological device to understand principles and organization common to all language: ex. | subject verb recognition, recursion |
| __________ is central to language | Recursion |
| What is recursion? | A this is _________ B this is _________ C the _________ that ______ is ________ the man that smiles is talking The man who is wearing a top-hat is walking down the street |
| Language is like a _____________; if conditions are right, it appears | snowflake (Noam Chomsky) |
| certain childhood capabilities seem to stay on for some polyglots | ease of language learning stays on, like lactose tolerance, is different than expected |
| Alternative to Chomsky: Daniel Everett Most explosive claim? | Pirha people show no evidence of recursion |
| Amazonian tribe Everett vists: | Amazonian tribe resists outside influence "useless" Doesn't understand Gospel No sense of planning for future Not retarded I guess Animism |
| Anatomically modern humans (________________yBP) should have been capable of speech | 300,000 |
| Brocas coordinates | larynx tongue, throat |
| Wernickes area | speech, organized speech into symbols, semantics, syntax stroke here disrupts structure |
| Much debate on whether other __________ had speech ability | Homo species |
| Many argue _________________ skull reflects amply developed Broca and Wernickes regions | Neanderthals; therefore capable of language |
| Philip Tobias maintained that _________ had neuro hard wiring for vocal control and adequate Broca | H. habilis |
| Philip Lieberman doubts ______ had sufficiently developed Broca, speech developed later (____kpb) | neanderthal; 50 He was chomskian |
| Daniel Everett believes that ___________ could speak by ___ mya subsequent Hom | Homo erectus |
| Fossil record of early ___________ reveals no compelling evidence of art of religion (______________)_ | H. sapiens 200 |
| Existence of language among all _____________ and tribes suggests that the common ancestral H. sapiens would have language | modern human groups |
| multi regional independent language development (convergent evolutionary outcome) seems _______; | unlikely |
| Adaptive advantage of language is difficult to determine | group hunting does not require it ex lions and wolves instruction in tool making and other cultural expression could have been taught by example advantage of group could have been powerful, camp is the place for most conversion among modern hunter gatherers |
| Human language is always an _____ _________; what does this mean? | open system; never before said sentances are readily understood by the hearer, unlike bird or mammal calls |
| How do birds and mammals call to each other? | communicate as fixed message; genetically prepared to hear and understand |
| Chomsky indicates language appeared quickly, forms like a snowflake as a result of ______ _______ | natural law |
| Many consider that language can be _____________ | non-linguistic |
| Vern Poythress refers to nature by God's _____________ (3) | nonlinguistic creative word |
| Animal communication may be chemical or behavioral | ant trails, reproductive receptiveness, moth sex pheromones |
| Are human pheromones real? | No not really; sweat of others may change us hormonally slighty, but not enough to classify as pheromone. Some profit off of what they say are scents and pheromones |
| Sound communication need not _____________ (2) | be vocal ex. muscles of midshipman fish, swim bladder causing hum to attract females crickets rub legs and wings honeybees dance to signal flowers |
| BUT _________________ IS NOT ______________ | COMMUNICATION IS NOT LANGUAGE |
| Communication with ____________, ___________,____________ and ___________ long known in _____________ and have been interpreted and used in training (_____________) | body language, gestures, eye contact, and avoidance; horses; horse whispering |
| But, Chomsky and other made the point that comm. is not ______________ | Language |
| ____________ of _________ whales are varies but recognizably uniform | Vocalization of humpback whales; they evolve year to year but follows a pattern within species |
| Some primates show some ______________ for language Examples: | pre-adaptation 1. orangutans- 20 signs in 1970's 2. Koko gorilla- learned 500 signs, desires, lies, 85 IQ - poor horse, teeth 3. Chimps, bonobos- sign language of a 2 year old BUT THEY NEVER LEARN SIGN FROM EACH OTHER |
| H. erectus of Africa suggests _____ ________ of group migration and possibly _____ | social organization; speech |
| vertebrae foramen for nerve controlling breathing for long _________ ____________ was too small compared to the human, _______ controlled utterances more likely | complicated utterances; short |
| Homo thought to be descended from ___________________ species | Australopithecine |
| Given H. habilis cranial capacity and modern great apes capacity for _________ language. H. habilis may have had the neural capacity for __________, but not the physical capability | rudimentary; speech |
| Small spinal cord foramen and intervertebral foramen in ________ ________ for nerves controlling exhalation needed for _________ __________ is inadequate until after H. habilis and H. ergaster | thoracic vertebrae; breath control |
| H. habilis larynx lack __________ seen in H. sapiens | flexibility |
| Turkana boy | canal 1/2 size of human bone; adequate neurology for controlled musculature, but speech is questionable |
| H. erectus in europe by __________ BP crossing the _____________ at Gibraltar and Sicily. Oldest evidence of ___________(2) art | 800,000; Mediterranean Abstract thinking |
| Ice covers europe by ________________ early neanderthal in Spain around 300,000 BP | 350,000 BP |
| Speech could have been developed convergent (less likely) in H. sapiens in Africa at 150kBP or passed down from common ancestor | |
| Phi ratio: also called Angle of line on certain erectus artifacts suggests a knowledge of Phi ratio | 1.618: Golden ratio, Golden mean |
| Most common ex of Phi ratio | Nautilus shell |
| Golden ratio is used in design, builds on a natural language your brain is hardwired to understand: visually compelling | |
| Generally accepted by linguists that human __________ ___________ does NOT derive from ______________ trait | vocal language; prehuman |
| Animal warnings are associative (associated with _______) as are human words, but language is _______, wholly _______________, expressive of ___________ ____________ | stimulus; symbolic; anthropocentric; original thought |
| human vocal language evolved as a distinct _____________ function along with human speech ___________ and _____________ | autonomous; organs ; brain |
| Noam Chomsky maintains that language is __________; that there is no human thought without language. Functionalists are an alterantive to this | innate |
| most agree that language and hand control are related cerebral functions with ____________ facilitating __________ | gesturing; thought |
| H. sapiens speech: Australian aborigine site | earliest African, middle eastern sites reveal technologies similar to Neanderthal of the time |
| Who held this view: Language immerged quickly due to natural laws like snowflakes, not by typical evo. processes? | Noam Chomsky |
| French Chauvet cave drawing: suggest | modern language capabilities and thought in place by at least 35K BP |
| By 24,000 BP, H. sapiens speech was located on _______ _____________ ___________ by widely separated people with different languages | all inhabitable continents |
| some linguists believe there was never one ___________ language | primitive (Babel?) |
| Linguistics | study of language and language development |
| linguistic relationships often follow ______________ rela. | genetic |
| Chinese= __________ Indo european= _____________ Romance lang.= ____________ Germanic lang.= ____________ Celtic lang.= _______________ | relatively stable highly diversified from ancestral form more connected to latin changed more quickly widespread in Europe 3000 years ago, now greatly reduced |
| Isolates change ___________ (2) | More quickly |
| Where is worlds highest conc of language per head of pop (250,000)? | Vanuatu 115 mother tongues |
| World languages (ethnologue) | 6500 living languages 52% of the 6500 languages are spoken by less than 10,000 people 28% spoken by less than 1,000 pe 83% of them limited to single countries |
| Top ten spoken languages 2023 | Mandarin Spanish English Hindi Bengali Port Russian Jap Yue Chinese Viet |
| Where is worlds highest linguistically diverse place on earth? | New Guinea |
| Closest language to English is: | Frisian |
| Linguistic Theory: Functionalism and Chomskyan Linguistics: Functionalism | Language is first and foremost an instrument for communication Social semiotic: people talk to each other It is obvious that a language must be seen as more |
| Linguistic Theory: Functionalism and Chomskyan Linguistics: Chomskyan Linguistics | Most influencial persp. since 1950s Human language is system for free expression of thought Independent of stimulus Knowledge of language a speaker has is not open to conscious, direct introspection NO THOUGHT WITHOUT LANGUAGE |
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