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Anthropology
Exam Two
| Question or Term | Definition/Answer |
|---|---|
| What century was named the enlightenment? | the 18th century |
| What is the Enlightenment? | Empirical study and rationality came to be seen as the ideal means for understanding the world |
| Secular Humanism | the idea that people ruled by rationality could solve many of the problems of society |
| The Great Chain of Being idea | dates back to ancient Greece; all living things are part of a continuum or perfection. No notion of evolutionary development or extinction |
| Linnaeus, Carolus | Developed the binomial system of nomenclature that is still in use today. "Systema naturae"; goes from least to most specific |
| Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste | idea of Transmutation; believed that life changed over time and that organisms were driven to become evermore complex by a force called the "Power of Life" |
| Cuvier, Georges | idea of Catastrophism; he was a comparative anatomist, shown through skeletal evidence of elephants; showed that fossils found can represent two or more species |
| Lyell, Charles | idea of Uniformitarianism (every landscape is the result of gradual, observable processes); "The present is the key to the past" |
| Darwin and Russel Wallace | the two independently came up with the mechanism that explains biological change over time; unifying theory of biology |
| the mechanism that explains biological change over time | Natural Selection |
| What are the three basic principles of natural selection? | 1. Variation, 2. Heritability, 3. Differential Reproductive Success |
| Variation | every species is composed of individuals that exhibit great variety |
| Heritability | the fact that offspring inherit the traits of their parents |
| Differential Reproductive Success | Better adapted individuals tend to produce a larger number of viable offspring than less well adapted individuals |
| Mendel, George | Responsible for the development of many basic concepts of genetic inheritance (gene location, DNA + its encoded set of instructions) |
| What are the two sources of new variation? | Genetic Drift and Gene Flow |
| Genetic Drfit | various processes that effect gene frequencies in small, isolated populations |
| The Founder Effect | if by chance a gene is rare or absent in the members of a migrating group, their descendants aren't likely to have it either |
| Gene Flow | the process through which genes pass from one population to another by interbreeding |
| Bipedalism/Bipedal Locomotion | habitual upright walking on two legs, one of the primary defining features of Hominins |
| Hominin | all bipedal primates whether or not they are directly related to Homo sapiens |
| What is the primary cost of bipedalism? | Upright walkers are very slow compared to quadrupeds(other mammals); hinders our ability to climb |
| What are minor costs of bipedalism? | a. taking more energy to supply brain with blood, b. greater stress on body(hips, knees, back, ankles) |
| What factors may have favored the selection of bipedality? | It may have been an adaptation to living with climate change; may have been an adaptation for more efficient long-distance travel; may have been an adaptation for regulating body heat; a way of freeing the hands |
| When do the first recognizable tools appear? | 2.5 MYA |
| What are two types of recognizable tools? | Sticks and stones |
| What is the earliest definite Hominin? | Australopiths(Robust or Gracile) |
| Australopithecus(gracile) | range from 4.2-2 MYA, have a brain ranging from 380-485 cc, unambiguously bipedal, small canine teeth, flat and thick molars, sexually dimorphic, partially arboreal |
| Paranthropus(robust) | genus thought not to be ancestral to Homo sapiens; includes a number of species ranging from 2.7-1.4 MYA, brain ranges from 490-530 cc, share all characteristics of Australopithecus; big face and jaws, larger dentition, sagittal crest |
| When do the first recognizable stone tools appear in archaeology? | 2.5 MYA in Olduvai Gorge in East Africa; Oldowan tools; flakes and choppers |
| Who made the first modified tools? | Not found in association with hominin remains; big cognitive leap from using unmodified sticks and stones; anthropologists believe that the first tool makers were a member of the genus Homo |
| Genus Homo | marked by three trends in the fossil record (likely tied to manufacture of stone tools): expansion of brain size, reduction of face, jaws, and teeth, and modification of the pelvis |
| Habilenes | earliest members of the genus Homo; includes at least two species. Dates from approx. 2.3-1.6 MYA; post-cranially, they are similar to australopiths (sexually dimorphic, partially arboreal). Found in Eastern and Southern Africa |
| What is the basic difference between nonhuman primates and human foragers? | The extensive sharing of food |
| Why is a carrying device essential to the human economy? | Food sharing; also shows the need for a 'home base', linked to varied subsistence activities and risk-taking behavior. Home base allowed for rest and recovery |
| Sexual Division of Labor | men and women making different and complementary contributions to the household economy; one of the most distinctive features of human culture and universal characteristic of foragers |
| What is the other requirement for extensive food sharing? | control of fire or cooked food |
| About how long does it take for a chimpanzee to chew, and about how many calories do they consume? | 6 hours; 1800 calories |
| Homo erectus | Java man; first hominin species to spread widely beyond the African continent, evolved in Africa ab. 1.9 MYA, brain size avgd. 1000 cc, skull is long, low, and thickly walled, prominent brow ridges. FIRST species to have 3rd set of molars be small |
| Acheulean Technology | hand axe; it was fairly standardized . represents significant cognitive leap |
| What are some pieces of evidence of the use of fire? | A. Continued reduction in the face, jaws, and teeth, despite an increase of both body and brain; B.no longer capable of spending the night in the trees; C. Shape of rib cage; D. Fossils found in high elevations and cold regions |
| Who first used fire to cook? | Habilenes must have been the first to cook food. Erectus body is the evolutionary result of eating cooked foods regularly. |
| Homo heidelbergensis | First specimen found in 1908 Germany; from about 500,000 ya-200,000 ya; oldest known species to routinely hunt large game animals; fire hardened spruce hunting spears that date back to 380,000 years ago; earliest known fire pits( Terra Amara site, France) |
| Homo neanderthalensis or Neanderthals | first specimen recognized as an early human fossil; discovered in Germany in 1856; their bad reputation is due to the first complete Neanderthal skeletal discovery. |
| What was the first Neanderthal named? | The Old Man of La Chapelle, France 1908 |
| What are the characteristics of a Neanderthal? | 200,000-25,000 years ago(greatly reduced in range after 40,000); first species to evolve outside of Africa; avg brain size was 1450 cc; adapted to cold climates; high frequency of fractures; some evidence of symbol use/burial of dead |
| Mousterian Tool Technology | Associated w/ Neanderthals; first appeared 300,000 years ago. One of the main innovations of this technology was the “prepared core technique”. First evidence of tools with a handle. |
| Homo sapiens | Dates back to 195,000 years ago from the Omo-Kibish site in Ethiopia. Avg brain size is 1350 cc. High Skull vault with no brow ridges, smaller face, jaws, and teeth. Chin is present for the first time. |
| Who were the first people to live into their 60s and beyond? | Homo sapiens |
| Homo sapiens | used Mousterian tools and coexisted with other hominid species for tens of thousands of years before evidence of modern behavior. |
| What was the Great Leap Forward? | (70,000-40,0000 YA) when nature and innovation accelerated to a level typically described as modern. Many believe this is associated with the beginning of fully articulate speech. |
| What technological innovations are included in the great leap? | the spear thrower(ATLATL), compound tools and weapons, hot rock boiling, lamps with wicks, eyed needles |
| what artistic innovations are included in the great leap? | personal ornamentation(paint, jewelry, Red Ochre); fired clay figurines, carved figurines, cave painting/rock art |
| What was the Great Leap Forward preceded by? | the near extinction of our species; genetic evidence suggests the population dropped to fewer than 10,000 individuals just before the “leap”. |
| What happened to Neanderthals? | 1. Climate change, 2. Diseases, 3. Interbred with sapiens, 4. Genocide, 5. Outcompeted by sapiens(most logical) |
| What is one aspect of the great leap forward | The rapid expansion of our species across the globe. |
Created by:
rdenleyprince
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