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Nerve Syst Med Term
Specialties, Diseases, Disorders, Diagnostic tests, and Abbreviations
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anesthesiologist | physician who specializes in administering anesthetic agents before and during surgery |
| Anesthetist | specializes in administering anesthesia, but is not a physician, for example a nurse anesthetist |
| Neurologist | physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating dreaded and disorders of the nervous system |
| Neurosurgeon | specializes in surgery of the nervous system |
| Psychiatrist | physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of chemical dependencies, emotional problems and mental illness |
| Psychologist | (PhD or PsyD) not a MD, but evaluates and treats emotional problems and mental illness |
| Hydrocephalus | excess cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the ventricles of the brain. Occurs at birth or can be developed later |
| Reye’s Syndrome | potentially serious or deadly disorder in children that is characterized by vomiting and confusion *Sometimes follows a viral illness where a child was treated with asprin. |
| Tourette’s Syndrome | complex neurological disorder characterized by involuntary tics, grunts, and compulsive utterances such as obscenities |
| Tetanus | (lockjaw) an acute and potentially fatal infection of the CNS caused by a toxin produced by the tetanus bacteria. Prevented by tetanus immunization |
| Alzheimer’a disease | group of disorders involving the parts of the brain that control thought, memory, and language. Leading cause of dementia |
| Amnesia | memory disturbance characterized by a total or partial inability to recall past experiences |
| Cerebral contusion | needing of brain tissue as the result of a head injury that cause brain to bounce against the rigid bone of the skull |
| Contrecoup | (counterblow) an injury beneath skull, opposite area of impact. (Brain bounce against skull) |
| Shaken Baby Syndrome (SBS) | a baby is being violently shaken causes brain injury, blindness, fractures, seizures, paralysis, and death |
| Lethargy | lowered level of consciousness marked by listlessness, drowsiness, and apathy: indifference/reduced level of activity |
| Syncope | “fainting” brief loss of consciousness caused by decreased blood flow to the brain |
| Coma | a deep state of unconsciousness marked by the absence of spontaneous eye movements, no response to painful stimuli, and lack of speech |
| Malignant brain tumors | destroys brain tissue |
| Benign brain tumors | does not invade the brain tissue. It damages the brain tissue by pressing onto it as tumors grow. |
| Strokes | Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) |
| Ischemic Stroke (most common type in older people) | caused by decreased blood flow to the brain due to a blockage caused by narrowing or blockage of the carotid artery |
| Transient Ischemic attack (mini stroke) | (TIA) temporary interruption in the blood supple to the brain. Passes in less than an hour but is a warning of worse symptoms to come |
| Aphasia | Caused by brain damage associated with a stroke. Causes loss of the ability to speak, write, and/or comprehend the written or spoken word |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | “a bleed” occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or when an aneurysm ruptures |
| Narcolespy | sleep disorder consisting of sudden and uncontrollable brief episodes of falling asleep during the day. Narco: stupor | lespy: seizure |
| Poliomyelitis | highly contagious viral infection of the brainstem and spinal cord that sometimes leads to paralysis. No cure. Polio: gray matter | myel: spinal cord | itis: inflammation |
| Guillain-Barre Syndrome | (infectious polyneuritis) inflammation of the myelin sheath of the PNS nerves, characterized by rapidly worsening muscle weakness than can lead to temporary paralysis |
| Trigeminal Neuralgia | severe lightning-like pain due to an inflammation of the fifth cranial nerve. Affect cheek, lips, and gum |
| Cerebral Palsy | poor muscle control, spasticity, speech defects, and other neurologic deficiencies due to damage that affects the cerebrum |
| Causes of Cerebral Palsy (2) | 1. Most frequently in premature or low-birth weight infants) 2. Caused by an injury before birth, during, or soon after birth, such as decreased oxygen) |
| Epilepsy | chronic neurological condition characterized by recurrent episodes of seizures of varying severity. Seizures disorder. |
| Seizure | sudden surge of electrical activity in the brain that affects how a person feels or acts for a short time, can cause brief LOC |
| Peripheral Neuropathy | disorder of the peripheral nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord. Produces pain, loss of sensation, and inability to control muscles (e.g. arms and legs.) |
| Carotid Ultrasonography | ultrasound study of the carotid artery to detect plaque build-up in the artery to predict or diagnose an ischemic stroke |
| Echoencephalography | use of ultrasound imaging to create a detailed visual image of the brain for diagnostic purposes |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | process of recording the electrical activity of the brain through the use of electrodes attached to the scalp |
| Hypnotics | depress CNS and usually produce sleep |
| Anticonvulsants | prevents seizures, such as associated with epilepsy |
| Sedative | depresses CNS to produce calm and diminishes responsiveness w/o producing sleep |
| Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) | device stimulates the brain with mild electrical signals implanted in the brain connected to a stimulator implanted near the collarbone. Treats dystonia, tremors, and Parkinson’s disease |
| Dystonia | Impairment of voluntary muscle movement |
| Lobectomy | surgical removal of a portion of the brain |
| Thalamotomy | surgical incision into the thalamus; destroys brain cells, primarily used to quiet the tremors of Parkinson’s Disease |
| Anxiety Disorders | mental conditions characterized by excessive, irrational dread of everyday situations or fear that is out of proportion to the real danger in a situation |
| Panic Disorder | characterized by a fear of panic attacks , can cause people to develop phobias |
| Panic Attack | unexpected, sudden experience of fear in the absence of danger, with the physical symptoms of heart palpitations, SOB, chest tightness, dizzy, nausea/vomiting, choking sensations or a combinations of these |
| Phobias | a persistent irrational fear of a specific thing or situation, strong enough to cause significant distress, to interfere with normal functioning |
| Agoraphobia | excessive fear of environments where the person fears a panic attack might occur |
| Dyslexia | developmental reading disorder, a learning disability characterized by substandard reading achievement due to brains inability to process characters |
| Intellectuals Disability (Mental Retardation) | a diagnosis of significant below-average intellectual and adaptive functioning present from birth or early infancy |
| Dissociative Disorders | occur when normal thought is separated from consciousness |
| Dissociative identity disorder (multiple personality disorder) | characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personalities, each w/ its own characteristics in the same individual |
| Fictitious Disorders | a condition in which an individual acts as if he/she has a physical or mental illness when he/she is not really sick |
| Fictitious disorder by proxy | individual acts as if they have a physical or mental illness when they are not really sick. Sx are self-inflicted and seem motivated by a desire for attention and sympathy |
| Impulse control disorders | characterized by psychiatric disorders characterized by a failure to resist an impulse despite potential negative consequences |
| Kleptomania | characterized by repeatedly stealing objects neither for personal use or for their monetary value |
| Trichotillomania | characterized by the repeated pulling out of one’s own hair |
| Dysthymania | low-grade chronic depression with symptoms that are milder but present the majority of days for 2 or more years |
| Delusion | false personal belief that is maintained despite obvious proof or evidence to the contrary |
| Hallucinations | a sensory perception (sight, touch, sound, smell, or taste) experienced in the absence of external stimuli |
| Schizophrenia | a psychotic disorder usually characterized by withdrawal from reality, illogical patterns of thinking, delusions, and hallucinations, and accompanied in varying degrees |
| Somatoform Disorder | physical complaints or concerns about one’s body that are out of proportion to any physical findings or disease |
| Conversion Disorder | serious temporary or ongoing changes in function, such as paralysis or blindness, triggered by psychological factors |
| Delirium Tremens | a disorder involving sudden and severe mental changes or seizures caused by abruptly stopping use of alcohol |
| Antipsychotic Drugs | (neuroleptic) treats symptoms of severe disorders of thinking and mood that are associated with neurological and psychiatric illness |
| Anxiolytic Drugs | (anti-anxiety or tranquilizer) temporarily relieve anxiety to reduce tension |
| Psychoanalysis | idea that mental disorders have underlying causes stemming from childhood and can only be overcome by therapy |
| Behavior therapy | focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, and replacing them w/ appropriate behaviors and using rewards |
| Cognitive therapy | changing cognition or thoughts that are affecting a person’s emotions and actions through logic, gathering evidence, and testing |
| Hypnotherapy | Use of hypnosis to produce an altered state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to believe and act on suggestions. Used for pain relief, anxiety, and behavioral modification |
| TIA | transient ischemic attack |
| Sz | seizure |
| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| CP | cerebral palsy |
| EEG | electroencephalography |
| MS | multiple sclerosis |
| LP | lumbar puncture |
Created by:
lrcoy9
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