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Anthropology midterm
Midterm review for anthropology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Linguistic Anthropology | how language shapes culture, social relationships, power, and identity. It examines how people use language in daily life and how language reflects cultural values and social structures. |
| Cultural Anthropology | studies human cultures, beliefs, practices, and social systems. Holistic perspective (studying culture as an interconnected system). Cultural relativism. Fieldwork and participant observation. Comparative analysis across cultures. |
| Cultural Relativism | the idea that a culture should be understood based on its own values, beliefs, and context rather than judged by outside standards. |
| Ethnocentrism | belief that one’s own culture is superior and should be used as the standard to judge other cultures. |
| Different Definitions of Culture | Edward B. Tylor, Bronisław Malinowski, Clifford Geertz, Marilyn Strathern |
| Edward B. Tylor | a complex whole including knowledge, beliefs, morals, laws, customs, and habits acquired by humans as members of society. |
| Bronisław Malinowski | a system of practices and institutions that satisfy human biological and social needs. |
| Clifford Geertz | a system of symbols and meanings through which people interpret their world. |
| Marilyn Strathern | a network of relationships and social meanings shaped through interactions. |
| Mode of Production | refers to how a society organizes the production of goods, including labor, resources, and technology. |
| Capitalism | an economic system characterized by private ownership of production, wage labor, profit motives, and market exchange. |
| Modernization | societies transition from traditional agricultural economies to industrial and technological systems. |
| Modernity | social conditions that emerge from modernization, including urbanization, bureaucracy, industrialization, and new cultural values. |
| Religion Characteristics | Belief in supernatural forces, Sacred vs. profane distinction, Ritual practices, Moral systems, Community participation |
| Belief in supernatural forces | the idea that powers beyond the natural world—such as gods, spirits, or ancestors—can influence human life and events. |
| Sacred distinction | separation between things considered holy or spiritually significant |
| Ritual practices | formalized and repeated symbolic actions performed in religious or cultural contexts to express beliefs, reinforce social order, and communicate with supernatural forces. |
| Moral systems | sets of ethical guidelines and rules about right and wrong that are often embedded within religious belief systems. |
| Community participation | collective involvement of members of a society in religious practices and ceremonies, which reinforces social bonds and shared identity. |
| Ritual | structured, symbolic actions performed in specific contexts. |
| Formalization | Rituals follow structured patterns. |
| Symbolism | Ritual actions represent deeper cultural meanings. |
| Rite of Passage | a ritual marking a transition from one social status to another. |
| Arnold van Gennep | Separation, Liminality, Reintegration |
| James George Frazer | described two types of magic. Imitative Magic, and contagious magic |
| Imitative Magic | Belief that like produces like. |
| contagious magic | Belief that objects once in contact remain connected. |
| Commodity Fetishism | by Karl Marx where the social labor behind products is hidden, and commodities appear to have value on their own. |
| Localization (Glocalization) | global products or ideas being adapted to fit local cultures. |
| Scapes | Ethnoscapes, Mediascapes, Technoscapes, Finanscapes, Ideoscapes. |
| Ethnoscapes | movement of people across borders, including migrants, tourists, refugees, and international workers. |
| Mediascapes | global distribution of information, images, narratives, and entertainment through media technologies, shaping how people imagine their lives and societies. |
| Technoscapes | global movement and distribution of technology, technical knowledge, and innovations across societies. |
| Finanscapes | global flow of money, capital, investments, and financial resources across countries and markets. These flows are often rapid and can reshape economies and labor systems |
| Ideoscapes | global circulation of political ideas, ideologies, and values such as democracy, freedom, human rights, or nationalism. |
| Biocultural | studies how biological and cultural factors interact to shape human health and behavior. |
| Ethnomedicine | Traditional healing systems based on cultural beliefs and practices. |
| Biomedicine | Western medical system based on scientific research and biological explanations. |
| Ethno-Etiology | cultural explanations for the causes of illness or misfortune. |
| Profane distinction | ordinary everyday things |
Created by:
Aar_eds12
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