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MED159
MED159 SMARTBOOK GLOSSARY TERMS ALL
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alcohol-based hand disinfectants (AHD) (al’kŏ-hol bāsd hand dis-in-fek’tănts) | Gels, foams, or liquids with an alcohol content of 60% to 95% that are used for hand disinfection. |
| asepsis (ā-sep’sis) | The condition in which pathogens are absent or controlled. |
| carrier (kar’ē-ĕr) | A reservoir host who is unaware of the presence of a pathogen and so spreads the disease while exhibiting no symptoms of infection. |
| endogenous infection (en-doj’ĕ-nŭs in-fek’shŭn) | An infection in which an abnormality or a malfunction in routine body processes causes normally beneficial or harmless microorganisms to become pathogenic. |
| engineered safety devices (en’jin-ērd sāf’tē dĕ-vīs’iz) | Devices specifically designed to isolate or remove a hazard. These include needles with safety shields and self-shielding needles. |
| exogenous infection (eks-oj’ĕ-nŭs in-fek’shŭn) | An infection that is caused by the introduction of a pathogen from outside the body. |
| fomite (fō’mīt) | An inanimate object, such as clothing, body fluids, water, or food, that may be contaminated with infectious organisms and thus transmit disease. |
| general duty clause (jen’ĕr-ăl dū’tē klawz) | An OSHA clause that requires an employer to maintain a workplace free from hazards that are recognized as likely to cause death or serious injury. |
| healthcare-associated infections (HAI) (helth’kār ă-sō’sē-āt-ed in-fek’shŭns) | Infections acquired by a patient in a healthcare facility. |
| other potentially infectious materials (OPIM) | Human body fluids, other than blood, that have the potential of containing infectious agents. Ex: semen, vaginal secretions, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, pleural fluid, any bodily fluid visibly contaminated with blood, and unfixed tissu |
| pathogen (path’ŏ-jĕn) | A microorganism capable of causing disease. |
| reservoir host (rĕz’er-vwahr’ hōst) | An animal, insect, or human whose body is susceptible to growth of a pathogen. |
| standard precautions (stan’dărd prĕ-kaw’shŭnz) | A combination of universal precautions and Body Substance Isolation guidelines; used in hospitals for the care of all patients. |
| susceptible host (sŭ-sep’ti-bĕl hōst) | An individual who has little or no immunity to infection by a particular organism. |
| transmission-based precautions (tranz-mish’ŭn-bāsd prē-kaw’shŭnz) | CDC guidelines that supplement standard precautions when caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection. The three types of transmission-based precautions are contact, droplet, and airborne precautions. |
| vector (vek’tŏr) | A living organism, such as an insect, that carries microorganisms from an infected person to another person. |
| work practice controls (wŏrk prak’tis kŏn-trōlz’) | Controlling workplace injuries by altering the way a task is performed. |
| 5 elements of the cycle of infection | Reservoir host Means of exit Means of transmission Means of entrance Susceptible host |
| Bloodborne Transmission INDIRECTLY | When pathogens are transferred through blood transfusions, needlestick injuries, or improperly sterilized dental equipment. |
| Bloodborne Transmission DIRECTLY | When contaminated blood of one person comes into contact with another person’s broken skin or mucous membrane, or when a disease is transferred to the fetus across the placenta. |
| OSHA Bloodborne Pathogens Standard of 1991 | Dictates how you must handle infectious or potentially infectious waste generated during medical or surgical procedures. |
| Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | Makes recommendations and guidelines regarding specific health and safety practices. |
| Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) | Makes and enforces regulations based on CDC’s recommendations and guidelines |
| accessibility (ak-ses’ă-bil’i-tē) | The ease with which people can move into and out of a space. |
| ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) (ă-mend’mĕnts akt) | A 2008 amendment to the ADA that broadens the definition of disability, making it easier for individuals who seek ADA protection to establish that they have a disability. |
| anoscope (ā’nō-skōp) | An instrument used to open the anus (rectal opening) for an exam. |
| consumable (kŏn-sūm’ă-bĕl) | Able to be emptied or used up, as with supplies. |
| disinfection (dis-in-fek’shŭn) | Destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins or vectors by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents. |
| examination light (eg-zam’i-nā’shŭn līt) | A flexible arm light source used for better visualization of a patient during an examination. |
| fixative (fik’să-tiv) | A solution sprayed on a slide immediately after the specimen is applied. It is used to preserve and hold the cells in place until a microscopic examination is performed. |
| general physical examination (jen’ĕr-ăl fiz’i-kăl eg-zam’i-nā’shŭn) | An examination performed by a physician to confirm a patient’s health or to diagnose a medical problem. |
| laryngeal mirror (lă-rĭn’jē-al mir’or) | A small mirrored instrument used to examine the inside of the mouth and throat. |
| lubricant (lū’bri-kănt) | A water-soluble gel used during examination of the rectum or vaginal cavity. |
| nasal speculum (nā’zăl spek’yŭ-lŭm) | An instrument used to enlarge the nasal opening to permit viewing inside the nose. |
| occult blood (ŏ-kŭlt’ blŭd) | Blood contained in some other substance, not visible to the naked eye. |
| otoscope (ō’tō-skōp) | A lighted instrument used to examine the ear canal and tympanic membrane. |
| penlight (pĕn’līt) | A small flashlight used when additional light is necessary to examine a small area or check pupil reaction. |
| reflex hammer (rē’fleks ha’mer) | An instrument with a hard triangular head used to check a patient’s reflexes. |
| sanitization (san’i-ti-zā’shŭn) | A reduction of the number of microorganisms on an object or a surface to a fairly safe level. |
| spores (spōrz) | A resistant form of certain species of bacteria. |
| sterilization (ster’i-li-zā’shŭn) | The destruction of all microorganisms, including bacterial spores, by specific means. |
| add-on safety features (ad’on sāf’tē fē’chūrz) | Features on injection, phlebotomy, and winged steel needles that provide protection from needlestick injury. They consist of a hinged or sliding sheath attached to the needle that can be activated with one hand, keeping the user’s hands behind |
| autoclave (aw’tō-klāv) | A device that uses pressurized steam to sterilize instruments and equipment. |
| biological indicator (bī’ŏ-loj’i-kăl in’di-kā-tŏr) | An indicator consisting of bacterial spores that is used as a quality control method in autoclaves to confirm that sterilization has occurred. |
| catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) (kath’ĕ-tĕr ă-sō’sē-āt-ĕd yūr’i-nar-ē trakt in-fek’shŭn) | A urinary tract infection that may be caused by long-term use of urinary catheters; the longer the catheter is in place, the greater the chance of infection. |
| central line (sen’trăl līn) | A catheter placed in a large vein, usually in the neck, chest, or groin, that is used to give fluids or medications. |
| central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) (sen’trăl līn ă-sō’sē-āt-ĕd blŭd’strēm in-fek’shŭnz) | Bloodstream infections caused by the entry of infectious microorganisms into the bloodstream through a central line. |
| invasive procedure (in-vā’siv prŏ-sē’jŭr) | Any procedure that requires entry into a body cavity or cutting into skin or mucous membranes. |
| medical asepsis (med’i-kăl ā-sep’sis) | Measures taken to reduce the number of microorganisms, such as handwashing and wearing examination gloves, that do not necessarily eliminate microorganisms; also called clean technique. |
| personal protective equipment (PPE) (pĕr’sŏn-ăl prŏ-tek’tiv ĕ-kwip’mĕnt) | Any type of protective gear worn to guard against physical hazards. |
| re-sheathing scalpel (rē-shēth’ing skalp’ĕl) | A single-use, disposable scalpel that has a sheath that can be slid over the blade and locked in position after use. |
| respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette (res’pir-ă-tōr-ē hī’jēn kawf e’ti-ket) | Infection control guideline that includes teaching the patient to cover their mouth/nose when coughing and dispose of tissues in the proper receptacle. |
| retractable needle (rē-trak’tă-bĕl nē’dĕl) | A needle that retracts inside the barrel of a syringe after it is activated. |
| self-blunting/blunt tip, blood-drawing needle (self blŭnt’ing) | A blood-drawing needle that has a blunt tip that slides forward through the needle past the sharp point to protect the user from needlestick injury. |
| self-sheathing needle (self-shēth’ing nē’dĕl) | A needle that has a sheath over the barrel of the syringe. After injecting the medication, the user slides the sheath forward over the needle and locks it in place to prevent needlestick injuries. |
| sterilization indicator (ster’i-li-zā’shŭn in’di-kā-tŏr) | A tag, insert, tape, tube, or strip that confirms that the items in an autoclave have been exposed to the correct volume of steam at the correct temperature for the correct amount of time. |
| surgical asepsis (sŭr’ji-kăl ā-sep’sis) | The elimination of all microorganisms from objects or working areas; also called sterile technique. |
| surgical site infection (SSI) (sŭr’ji-kăl sīt in-fek’shŭn) | An infection that occurs after a surgical procedure at the site of surgery. |
| buccal (bŭk’ăl) | Between the cheek and gum. |
| calibrated spoon (kal’i-brā-tĕd spūn) | A spoon that has special markings, or calibrations, that allow you to measure a dose of liquid medication. |
| diluent (dil’yū-ĕnt) | A liquid used to dissolve and dilute another substance, such as a drug. |
| douche (dūsh) | Vaginal irrigation, which can be used to administer vaginal medication in liquid form. |
| infusion (in-fyū’zhŭn) | A slow drip, as of an intravenous solution into a vein. |
| intradermal (ID) (in’tră-der’măl) | Within the upper layers of the skin. |
| intramuscular (IM) (in’tră-mŭs’kyū-lăr) | Within muscle; an IM injection allows administration of a larger amount of a drug than a subcutaneous injection allows. |
| intravenous (IV) (in’tră-vē’nŭs) | Injected directly into a vein. |
| ointment (oynt’mĕnt) | A form of topical drug; also known as a salve. |
| scored (skōrd) | An indented line on a tablet where the medication can be broken into equal pieces. |
| solution (sŏ-lū’shŭn) | A homogeneous mixture of a solid, liquid, or gaseous substance in a liquid, such as a dissolved drug in liquid form. |
| subcutaneous (SQ, Sub-Q, subcut) (sŭb’kyŭ-tā’nē-ŭs) | Under the skin. |
| sublingual (SL) (sŭb-ling’gwăl) | Under the tongue. |
| transdermal (trans-der’măl) | A type of topical drug administration that slowly and evenly releases a systemic drug through the skin directly into the bloodstream; a transdermal unit is also called a patch. |
| triple check (trip’ĕl chek) | checking a medication 3x before administering. 1st check: when taken from storage container & match it to MAR or physician order; 2nd check: when you prepare the medication; 3rd check: before closing container or just before you administer the me |
| Z-track method (zē’trăk mĕth’ŏd) | Technique injecting intramuscular (IM) drug that can irritate SQ tissue; involves pulling skin & SQ tissue to side b4 inserting needle at site & creating zigzag path in tissue layers that prevents drug from leaking into SQ tissue and causing i |
| afebrile (ā-feb’ril) | Having a body temperature within one’s normal range. |
| apnea (ap’nē-ă) | The absence of respiration. |
| auscultated blood pressure (aws’kŭl-tāt-ĕd blŭd presh’ŭr) | Blood pressure as measured by listening with a stethoscope. |
| body mass index (BMI) (bod’ē mas in’deks) | A reliable indicator of healthy weight that is calculated based on height and weight. |
| bradycardia (brad’ē-kahr’dē-ă) | A slow heart rate; usually less than 60 beats per minute. |
| calibrate (kal’i-brāt) | To determine the caliber of; to standardize a measuring instrument. |
| dyspnea (disp’nē-ă) | Difficult or painful breathing (dys = difficult, painful, bad, abnormal; pneo = breathing). |
| febrile (feb’ril) | Having a body temperature above one’s normal range. |
| homeostasis (hō’mē-ō-stā’sĭs) | A balanced, stable state within the body. |
| hyperpnea (hī-pĕr-nē’ă, hī-pĕrp’nē-ă) | Abnormally deep, rapid breathing. |
| hyperpyrexia (hī’pĕr-pī-rek’sē-ă) | An exceptionally high fever over 106°F (41.1°C) |
| hypertension (hī’pĕr-ten’shŭn) | High blood pressure. |
| hyperventilation (hĭ’pĕr-ven’ti-lā’shŭn) | The condition of breathing rapidly and deeply. Hyperventilating decreases the amount of carbon dioxide in the blood. |
| hypotension (hī’pō-tĕn’shŭn) | Low blood pressure. |
| hypoxemia (hī’pok-sē’mē-ă) | Subnormal oxygenation of arterial blood, short of anoxia. |
| orthostatic hypotension (ōr-thō-stat’ik hī’pō-tĕn’shŭn) | A situation in which blood pressure becomes low and the pulse increases when a patient is moved from a lying to standing position; also known as postural hypotension. |
| oximetry (ok-sim’ĕ-trē) | Measuring of the oxygen saturation of blood using spectrophotometry |
| palpatory method (pal’pă-tōr’ē meth’ŏd) | Systolic blood pressure measured by using the sense of touch. This measurement provides a necessary preliminary approximation of the systolic blood pressure to ensure an adequate level of inflation when the actual auscultatory measurement is m |
| positive tilt test (pŏz’ĭ-tĭv tĭlt tĕst) | When the pulse rate increases more than 10 beats per minute (bpm) and the blood pressure drops more than 20 points while taking vital signs in the lying, sitting, and standing positions. |
| postural hypotension (pŏs’chŭr-ăl hī’pō-tĕn’shŭn) | A situation in which blood pressure becomes low and the pulse increases when a patient is moved from a lying to a standing position; also known as orthostatic hypotension. |
| pyrexia (pī-rek’sē-ă) | A fever over 100.4°F (37.5°C) |
| rales (rahlz) | Noisy respirations usually due to blockage of the bronchial tubes. |
| rhonchi (rong’kī) | Deep snoring or rattling sounds during breathing; associated with asthma, acute bronchitis, or any condition involving partial obstruction of the lung’s airway. |
| sleep apnea (slēp ap’nē-ă) | A condition characterized by pauses in breathing during sleep. |
| sphygmomanometer (sfig’mō-mă-nom’ĕ-ter) | An instrument for measuring blood pressure; consists of an inflatable cuff, a pressure bulb used to inflate the cuff, and a device to read the pressure. |
| stethoscope (stĕth’ĕ-skōp) | An instrument that amplifies body sounds. |
| tachycardia (tak’i-kahr’dē-ă) | Rapid heart rate, generally in excess of 100 beats per minute. |
| tachypnea (tăk-ip-nē’ă) | Abnormally rapid breathing. |
| thermometer (ther-mom’ĕ-ter) | An instrument, either electronic or disposable, that is used to measure body temperature. |
| addiction (ă-dik’shŭn) | A physical or psychological dependence on a substance, usually involving a pattern of behavior that includes obsessive or compulsive preoccupation with the substance and the security of its supply, as well as a high rate of relapse after withd |
| clarification (klar’i-fi-kā’shŭn) | Asking questions that provide an increased understanding of a problem. |
| mirroring (mir’ŏr-ing) | Restating in your own words what a person is saying. |
| objective (ŏb-jek’tĭv) | Pertaining to data that are readily apparent and measurable, such as vital signs, test results, or physical examination findings. |
| reflection (rĕ-flek’shŭn) | When a thought, an idea, or an opinion is formed as a result of deeper thought. |
| restatement (rē-stāt’ment) | Repeating what a patient says in your own words back to the patient. |
| subjective (sŭb-jĕk’tĭv) | Pertaining to information that is obtained from conversation with a person or patient. |
| substance abuse (sŭb’stăns ă-byūs’) | The use of a substance in a way that is not medically approved, such as using diet pills to stay awake or consuming large quantities of cough syrup that contains codeine. Substance abusers are not necessarily addicts. |
| verbalizing (vûr’bă-līz’ĭng) | Stating what you believe the patient is suggesting or implying. |
| consumer education (kŏn-sūm’ĕr ed’yū-kā’shŭn) | The process by which the average person learns to make informed decisions about goods and services, including healthcare. |
| factual teaching (fak’chū-ăl tēch’ing) | Method of teaching that provides the patient with details of the information that is being taught. |
| informed consent form (in-fōrmd’ kŏn-sent’ fōrm) | A form that verifies that a patient understands the offered treatment and its possible outcomes or side effects. |
| modeling (mod’ĕl-ing) | The process of teaching the patient a new skill by having the patient observe and imitate it. |
| participatory teaching (pahr-tis’i-pă-to’rē tēch’ing) | Method of teaching that includes demonstrations of techniques that may be necessary to show that something has been learned. |
| philosophy (fĭ-lŏs’ĕ-fē) | The system of values and principles an office has adopted in its everyday practice. |
| return demonstration (rē-tŭrn’ dem’on-strā’shŭn) | Participatory teaching method in which the technique is first described to the patient and then demonstrated to the patient; the patient is then asked to repeat the demonstration. |
| screening (skrēn’ĭng) | Performing a diagnostic test on a person who is typically free of symptoms. |
| sensory teaching (sen’sŏr-ē tēch’ing) | Method of teaching that provides patients with a description of the physical sensations they may have as part of the learning or the procedure involved. |
| auscultation (aws’kŭl-tā’shŭn) | The process of listening to body sounds. |
| body mechanics (bod’ē mĕ-kan’iks) | The application of physical principles to achieve maximum efficiency and to limit risk of physical stress or injury to the practitioner of physical therapy, massage therapy, or chiropractic or osteopathic manipulation. |
| clinical diagnosis (klin’i-kăl dī-ăg-nō’sis) | A diagnosis based on the signs and symptoms of a disease or condition, and on the results of any laboratory tests that have been ordered. |
| cultural competence (kŭl’chŭr-ăl kom’pĕ-tens) | The ability to react appropriately in situations that may arise due to a patient’s (or coworker’s) cultural background. |
| culture (kŭl’chŭr) | 1. Sociologic sense, a pattern of assumptions, beliefs, and practices that shape the way people think and act. 2. To place a sample of a specimen in or on a substance that allows microorganisms to grow in order to identify the microorganis |
| differential diagnosis (dif’ĕr-en’shăl dī-ăg-nō’sis) | The process of determining the correct diagnosis when two or more diagnoses are possible. |
| digital examination (dij’i-tăl eg-zam’in-ā’shŭn) | Part of a physical examination in which the physician inserts one or two gloved fingers of one hand into the opening of a body canal such as the vagina or the rectum; used to palpate the canal and related structures. |
| fenestrated drape (fen’ĕs-trāt-ĕd drāp) | A drape that has a round or slit-like opening that provides access to the surgical site. |
| inspection (ĭn-spĕk’shŭn) | The visual examination of the patient’s entire body and overall appearance. |
| kyphosis (kī-fō’sis) | A deformity of the spine characterized by a bent-over position; more commonly called humpback. |
| manipulation (mă-nip’yū-lā’shŭn) | The systematic movement of a patient’s body parts. |
| mensuration (men’sŭr-ā’shŭn) | The process of measuring. |
| nasal mucosa (nā’zăl myū-kō’să) | The lining of the nose. |
| palpation (pal-pā’shŭn) | A type of touch used by healthcare providers to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, shape, and the presence of movement. |
| percussion (pĕr-kŭsh’ŭn) | Tapping or striking the body to hear sounds or feel vibration. |
| prognosis (prŏg-nō’sĭs) | A prediction of the probable course of a disease in an individual and the chances of recovery. |
| quadrant (kwahd’rănt) | One of four equal sections, such as those into which the abdomen is figuratively divided during an examination. |
| scoliosis (skō’lē-ō’sis) | A lateral curvature of the spine, which is normally straight when viewed from behind. |
| sign (sīn) | An objective or external factor, such as blood pressure, rash, or swelling, that can be seen or felt by the physician or measured by an instrument. |
| stereotyping (ster’ē-ō-tī-ping) | A negative statement about the specific traits of a group that is applied unfairly to an entire population. |
| symmetry (sim’ĕ-trē) | The degree to which one side of the body is the same as the other. |
| symptom (simp’tŏm) | A subjective, or internal, condition felt by a patient, such as pain, headache, or nausea, or another indication that generally cannot be seen or felt by the doctor or measured by instruments. |
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