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Peds Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Growth | Qualitative, an increase in the number and size of cells |
| Development | Qualitative, a gradual change and expansion from advancement from a lower to a more advanced stage of complexity |
| Maturation | Qualitative, an increase in competence and adaptability |
| Cephalocaudal | From head to tail, head control, then sitting, then walking |
| Proximodistal | From midline to periphery, moving arms and legs before picking things up with fingers |
| Nutrition | The single largest influence on growth |
| Who has a higher basal metabolic rate? | Boys |
| What age group is highly susceptible to temperature fluctuations? (i.e fever) | Infants and children |
| Easy child | even tempered, regular and predictable habits, adapts to change, mild mood swings and are typically positive |
| Difficult child | highly active, irritable, and irregular in habits, slow to adapt, intense and primarily negative mood |
| Slow to warm up child | reacts negatively but with mild intensity, slow to adapt to change, inactive and moody |
| What does Erikson's theory measure? | Psycho-social development |
| Trust vs Mistrust | Birth to 1 years old, are basic needs met consistently, adequately and lovingly |
| Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt | 1 to 3 years old, learn to be independent, make good decisions, and gain self-control |
| Initiative vs Guilt | 3 to 6 years old, begin to develop a conscience and a sense of direction |
| Industry vs Inferiority | 6 to 12 years old, engage in tasks and activities they can complete, learn to cooperate with others and abide by rules, and can feel inadequate and inferior if too much is expected |
| Identity vs Role Confusion | 12 to 18 years old, learn who they are, begin to integrate their concepts and values with those of society |
| What does Piaget's theory measure? | cognitive development |
| What does Kohlberg's theory measure? | Moral development |
| Sensorimotor | Birth to 2 years old, the infant knows the world through their movement and sensations |
| Preoperational phase | 2 to 7 years old, children begin to think symbolically and learn to use words and pictures to represent objects |
| Egocentrism | the inability to differentiate between "self" and "other", the cognitive bias where a person assumes that others share their same perspective, feelings, thoughts, or vantage point |
| Transductive reasoning | Because two events occur together, they cause one another (i.e all women with big bellies are pregnant) |
| Concrete operations | 7 to 11 years old, children begin o think logically about concrete events and begin to understand the concept of conservation |
| Formal operations | 11 to 15 years old, the young adult begins to think abstractly and reason about hypothetical problems |
| Onlooker play | watch but to not attempt to enter (infants) |
| Solitary play | play alone with toys different from those used by other children in the same area (toddlers) |
| Parallel play | play with toys similar to those around them but using it differently (preschoolers) |
| Associative play | play together in similar or identical activities without organization |
| Cooperative play | children playing together in an organized manner, for the purpose of accomplishing an end |
| How much does an infant's weight increase by 6 months? A year? | Double, triple |
| When does the posterior fontanelle close? | After 6-8 weeks |
| When does the anterior fontanelle close? | After 12-18 months |
| What is the number one reason babies are in the hospital? What kind of breathers are they? | Respiratory issues, abdominal breathers |
| Binocularity | the ability to focus images from each eye into one image (established by 4 months) |
| 1 month old | marked head lag, hands predominately closed, instinctual smile |
| 2 months old | visually searches to locate sound, social smile |
| 3 months old | holds a rattle but will not reach for it, follows objects 180 degrees, localizes sound by turning the head |
| 4 months old | head lag is gone, rolls from back to side, can carry an object to the mouth, binocularity is fairly established, demands attention by fussing |
| 5 months old | rolls from abdomen to back, visually purses an object that is dropped, able to discriminate between strangers and family |
| 6 months old | when prone, can lift chest and bear weight on hands, rolls from back to abdomen, rocks back and forth on hands and knees, holds bottle, babbles one syllable words, recognizes parents, begins to fear strangers |
| 7 months old | sits leaning forward on hands, transfers objects from hand to hand, bangs cubes on the table, rakes objects, responds to name, signs of distress when parents leave, plays peek-a-boo |
| 8 months old | sits unsupported, responds to "no" |
| 9 months old | sits steadily, puffs himself to standing, crude pincer grasp, comprehends "no-no" |
| 10 months old | stand holding onto furniture, says dad and mama with meaning, waves bye, develops objects permanence, plays interactive games like patycake |
| 11 months old | drops objects for it to be picked up, imitates speech sounds, shakes head no |
| 12 months old | 6-8 teeth, walks with one hand held, builds tower of 2 blocks, 2-5 word vocabulary, understands simple verbal commands, clings to parent when fearful, may develop a security item like a toy or blanket |
| When does separation anxiety begin? | at 4-8 months |
| When does stranger anxiety begin? | at 6-8 months |
| When does primary teething begin? | at 6-10 months |
| How long should a child breastfeed for? | 6 months |
| When should you introduce foods to a child? | at 4-6 months |
| When should a parent start weening off of breast and start promoting drinking from a cup or bottle? | After 1 year |
| 15 months old | walks without help |
| 18 months old | jumps in place with both feet |
| 24 months old | goes up and down stairs alone |
| 30 months old | stand on one foot momentarily, takes a few steps on tip toes |
| 15 months old | uses a cup well |
| 24 months old | turns doorknobs, unscrews lids |
| 30 months old | good hand-finger coordination, holds crayon |
| Negativism | frequent negative response to requests, everything is "no", a way to demonstrate independence and control, may see mood swings or tantrums |
| Ritualism | provides a sense of comfort (blankets, stuffed animals) --> toddlers like routines which helps create a feeling of control and safety |
| Animism | attributing lifelike qualities to inanimate objects |
| Magical thinking | the belief that one’s internal thoughts, wishes, or silent actions can directly influence the external world without any physical cause-and-effect |
| Parallel play | alongside other children but not with |
| Imitation play | dolls, dress-up clothes, kitches |
| Tactile play | water toys, playdough, fingerpaint, sand |
| How long does the AAP recommend rear-facing in a car? | until 2 years of age |
| 3 years old | rides a tricycle |
| 4 years old | skips and hops on one foot, walks downstairs using alternate feet |
| 5 years old | jumps rope, balances on alternate toes |
| 4 years old | uses scissors to cut along an outline |
| 5 years old | ties shoes |
| 3 years old | talked incessantly (even if others are not listening) |
| 4 years old | obeys prepositional phrases such as under, beside, and in front of |
| 5 years old | can follow three commands in succession |
| Body-image | what children think about their bodies |
| Latch-key children | inadequate adult supervision leaves children at risk for injury or delinquent behavior |
| What is the average amount of sleep for school-age children? | 9.5 hours |
| Puberty | when sexual maturity is achieved |
| Primary sex characteristics | external and internal organs necessary for reproduction |
| Secondary sex characteristics | result of hormonal changes like voice changes, hair growth, breast enlargement, fat deposits |
| Where are sex hormones secreted? | ovaries, testes and adrenal gland |
| Estrogen | female hormone |
| Androgens | male hormone |
| Thelarche | occurs at 8-13 years old, breast bud development |
| Adrenarche | occurs at 8-13 years old, pubic hair growth |
| Menarche | occurs about 2 years after thelarche, menstruation begins |
| Puberty "delay" | no thelarche by age 13 in girls or no enlargement of testes or scrotal changes by age 14 in boys, may require further lab work |
| How much earlier do growth spurts occur in girls compared to boys? | 2 years |
| Group identity | helps adolescents establish the difference between self and parents |
| What is the single greatest cause of serious and fatal injuries in teens? | motor vehicle accidents |
| Definite predictable patterns that are | continuous, orderly, progressive, pace of growth does not occur the same in all areas, vary among individuals |
| Sequential trends | definite, predictable sequence (i.e crawl before walk, scribble before write) |
| How much does an infant's height increase by age 4? | Doubles |
| What do infants have at a higher risk for respiratory issues? | Close proximity of structures in resp system rapidly transmits infectious agents from one anatomic location to another, short, straight eustachian tube closely communicates to ear and an inability of immune system to produce IgA in mucosal lining |
| At what age should an infant be able to locate sound by turning their head? | 3 months |
| At what age do infants begin to fear strangers? | 6 months old |
| At what age can infants transfer objects from their hands to mouth? | 7 months |
| Object permanence | by 9 months infants realize that things continue to exist even though they cannot be seen |
| When can an infant start being fed solid foods? | 4-6 months |
| When is the start of puberty for girls? | thelarche |
| Infant age range | birth to 1 years old |
| Toddler age range | 1 to 3 years old |
| Preschool age range | 3 to 6 years old |
| School-age age range | 6 to 12 years old |
| Adolescent age range | 12 to 18 years old |
| What is the most important practice to prevent disease? | Hand-washing |
| Herd immunity | A form of indirect protection from infectious disease that occurs when a large percentage of a population has become immune, making the spread of disease unlikely and protecting those who cannot be vaccinated |
| Acquired immunity | a specialized, learned defense mechanism that develops throughout life after exposure to specific foreign antigens |
| Active immunity | Produced by the individual’s own immune system, resulting in long-lasting, often lifelong, protection |
| Passive immunity | Temporary protection gained by receiving antibodies from another person or animal, lasting only weeks or months |
| Vaccine information statement (VIS) | must be given to parents before administering vaccines |
| Contraindications for vaccine administration | severe febrile illness, known allergic response |
| Varicella | itchy rash and blisters that create papules, vesicles and crust all at the same time |
| How long are children with varicella contagious for? | 2-3 days before rash appears and until blisters are fully scabbed over (usually about 10 days) |
| Polio | a viral infection that invades the brain and spinal cord causing paralysis |
| Diptheria | a highly contagious bacterial disease that causes inflammation of the mucous membranes |
| Tetanus | caused by bacteria usually found in soil, dust, manure, or on objects that cause jaw cramping and seizures |
| Pertusis | a highly infection respiratory disease known for its uncontrolled, violent coughing that causes a whoop sound |
| Hib | a bacterial disease that used to be the leading cause of bacterial meningitis before the invention of its vaccine |
| Measles | a highly contagious respiratory disease that causes Koplik spot to appear after 2-3 days |
| Mumps | a viral infection that affects the salivary glands and causes swelling of the parotid glands and can lead to orchitis |
| Rubella | a viral disease also known as German measles that can cause birth defects if contracted during pregnancy |
| Hepatitis B | a viral disease spread through needles, sex with an infected person or blood |
| Meningococcal Meningitis | a bacterial disease causing inflammation of the membranes covering the brain |
| Conjunctivitis | a viral or bacterial infection that causes redness, drainage, and itching of the eye |
| Impetigo | a bacterial infection of the skin that is very contagious and forms honey-colored scabs |
| Cellulitis | a bacterial infection that causes warm, red, swollen skin and can show signs of streaking |
| MRSA | a bacterial infection resistant to common antibiotics |
| Warts | a skin infection caused by HPV and is treated with local destruction |
| Herpes | a viral infection with no cure that causes painful blisters and open sores |
| Hand, Foot, Mouth disease | a contagious viral illness caused by the Coxsackie virus |
| Ringworm | a fungal infection that causes a circular, red, itchy rash |
| Candidiasis | a fungal infection that causes white patches on the inner cheeks, tongue, roof of mouth, and throat |
| Pediculosis | very common in school-age children, causes itching of the scalp a |
| Lyme Disease | a tick-borne disorder |
| What should be monitored for a patient who has pertussis? | Oxygenation levels |
| What kids are most at risk for Hib? | Kids in daycare |
| Kopik spots are a sign of what disease? | Measles |
| When should fluoride be given to infants? | 6 months |
| When is binocularity established by? | 4 months |
| When can an infant sit unsupported? | 8 months |
| When can an infant stand holding onto furniture? | 10 months |
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