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Nervous Syst Anatomy
Med Term Chapter. 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Brain - cerebr/o, encephal/o | coordinate all body activities by receiving and transmitting messages throughout the body |
| Spinal cord - myel/o | transmits nerve impulse between the brain, arms, legs, and lower part of the body |
| Nerves - neur/i, neur/o | Receives and transmit messages to and from all parts of the body |
| caus/o | burning, burn |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum, brain |
| concuss/o | shaken together, violently agitated |
| contus/o | bruise |
| encephal/o | brain |
| -esthesia | sensation, feeling |
| -esthet/o | feeling, nervous sensation, sense of perception |
| -graphy | the process of producing a picture or record |
| mening/o | membranes, meninges |
| myel/o | spinal cord, bone marrow |
| neur/i, neur/o | nerve, nerve tissue |
| phobia | abnormal fear |
| radicul/o | root or nerve root |
| tropic | having an affinity for |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | brain and spinal cord; receive and process information to regulate all bodily systems |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | 12 pairs of cranial nerves from brain, and 31 pairs of peripheral spinal nerves — Transmit nerve signals to and from the CNS |
| Nerve | one or more bundles of neurons that connect the brain and spia |
| Ascending nerve tracts | Carry nerve impulse towards the brain |
| Descending nerve tracts | Carry nerve impulse away from the brain |
| Ganglion | nerve center made up of a cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS |
| Plexus | a network of intersecting spinal nerves also may describe intersecting blood or lymphatic vessels |
| Receptors | sites in the sensory organ (eyes, ears, skin, nose, taste buds) |
| Stimulus | Anything that activates (excites) a nerve and causes impulse |
| Neurons | basic cells of the nervous system that allow different parts of the body to communicate with each other |
| Adherent neurons (sensory neurons) | emerge from sensory organs and the skin to carry the impulses from the sensory organs towards the brain and spinal cord |
| Connecting neurons (associative neurons) | these neurons link adherent and efferent neurons |
| Efferent neurons (motor neurons) | these neurons carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord toward the muscles and glands |
| Dendrites | root-like processes that receive impulses and conduct them to the cell body |
| Axon | process that conducts impulses away from the nerve cell; can be more than 3 ft long |
| Synapse | space between two neurons or between a neuron and a receptor organ. Can have few or hundreds of synapse |
| Neurotransmitters | chemical substances make it possible for messages to cross from the synapse of a neuron to the target receptor — There are 200-300 known neurotransmitters and each is specialized |
| Acetylcholine | released at some synapses in the spinal cord and at neuromuscular junction; influences muscle action |
| Dopamine | released within the brain. Believed to be involved in mood and thought disorders and abnormal disorders such as Parkinson’s disease |
| Endorphins | naturally occurring substance that are produced but the brain to help relieve pain |
| Norepinephrine | affect alertness and arousal, increase BP and HR, and release stores of glucose in response to stress — fight or flight |
| Serotonin | released in brain, has roles in sleep, hunger, and pleasure recognition. Sometimes linked to mood disorders |
| Myelin Sheath | protective covering made up of glial cells. White sheath forms the white matter of the brain |
| White matter | portion of nerve fibers than are myelinated |
| Gray matter | portion of nerve fibers that are unmyelinated |
| Meninges | system of membrane that enclose the brain and spinal cord. Consist of 3 layers of connective tissue |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CF) | produced by special capillaries within the 4 ventricles in middle region of cerebrum: clear, colorless, and watery fluid |
| Functions of CF (2) | 1. Cool and cushion the organs from shock or injury 2. Nourish the brain & spinal cord by transporting nutrients and chemicals |
| Cerebrum | largest and uppermost portion of the brain |
| Cerebrum is responsible for: | all thought, judgement, memory, and emotion as well as controlling and integrating motor and sensory functions |
| Cerebral cortex | made up of gray matter, is the outer layer of the cerebrum made up of elevated folds (gyri) and deep fissures (sulci) |
| Thalamus | located in the cerebrum, produces sensations by relaying impulses to and from the cerebrum and the sense organs of the body. Will magnify or suppress stimuli |
| Hypothalamus | located below the thalamus, 7 major functions |
| Cerebellum | texting incoming messages regarding movements within joints, muscle tone, and positions of the body, 3 important functions: 1. Products smooth and coordinated movements) 2. Maintain equilibrium) 3. Sustain normal pressure |
| Brainstem | connects the brain and spinal cord |
| Midbrain and Pons | Provide conduction pathways to and from the higher and lower centers in the brain — Control reflexes for movements of the eyes and head in the response to visual and auditory stimuli |
| Medulla Oblongata | Controls basic survival functions, including the muscles that make possible RR, HR, and BP — Causes reflexes for coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting |
| Frontal Lobe | control motor functions, memory, and behavior |
| Parietal Lobe | receives and interprets nerve impulses from sensory receptors in tongue, skin, and muscles |
| Occipital Lobe | control eyesight |
| Temporal Lobe | controls senses of hearing, smell, and the ability to create store , and access new information |
| Functions of Hypothalamus (3) | 1. Regulates and integrates the automatic nervous system, including controlling HR, BP, RR, and digestive tract activity) 2. Regulates emotional responses, including fear and pleasure) 3. Regulates body temperature) |
| More Hypothalamus Functions (4) | 4. Regulates food intake by controlling hunger sensations) 5. Regulates water balance by controlling thirst sensations) 6. Regulates sleep-wakefulness cycles) 7. Regulates the pituitary gland and endocrine system. |
Created by:
lrcoy9
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