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Anatomy,Physiology
Anatomy & Physiology Lesson 1 REVIEW
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Body Planes | are imaginary lines drawn through the body. They separate the body into sections and are used to create directional terms |
| The three body planes are | Transverse ➡ Sagittal ➡ Frontal |
| The transverse plane is | horizontal and divides the body into a top half and a bottom half. |
| Body parts above other parts are called | Superior |
| Body parts below other body parts are called | inferior |
| Two other terms related to this plane (Transverse)also refer to direction. | Cranial refers to body parts toward the head. ➡ Caudal refers to body parts toward the lower end of the spine or feet. |
| The midsaggital plane(Midline) is | vertical and divides the body into equal right and left halves. |
| Body parts toward this plane(MIDLINE) are called | medial. |
| Body parts away from this plane (MIDLINE)are called | lateral |
| The midsaggital plane is also known as the | median plane or the midline. |
| The frontal plane is also known as the | coronal plane |
| The frontal plane is | vertical. It divides the body into front and back sections |
| Body parts toward the front section are called | ventral, or anterior. |
| Body parts toward the back section are called | dorsal, or posterior. |
| Body parts toward the point of attachment are called | proximal. |
| Body parts distant from this point are called | distal |
| Body cavities are | spaces within the body that contain vital organs. |
| The two major cavities in the body are | the dorsal and ventral cavities |
| The dorsal cavity is | a long, continuous cavity located on the back of the body. |
| The ventral cavity is | located on the front side of the body. |
| The dorsal cavity is divided into two sections: | The cranial cavity contains the brain. ➡ The spinal cavity contains the spinal cord |
| The ventral cavity is divided into | three sections |
| The thoracic cavity contains | the trachea, esophagus, bronchi, lungs, heart, and major blood vessels. It is also known as the chest cavity |
| The abdominal cavity contains | the stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen. |
| The pelvic cavity contains | the reproductive organs, bladder, and rectum |
| The orbital cavity contains | the eye structures. |
| The nasal cavity contains | the parts that form the nose |
| The oral cavity, or buccal cavity, contains | the teeth and the tongue in the mouth. |
| abdominal cavity division results in quadrants, or four regions: | Right upper quadrant (RUQ) ➡ Left upper quadrant (LUQ)➡ Right lower quadrant (RLQ)➡ Left lower quadrant (LLQ) |
| abdominal cavity results in nine regions | Epigastric, Umbilical, Hypogastric, Left Hypochondriac. Right Hypochondriac,. Left Lumbar ,Right Lumbar, Left Iliac ,Right Iliac |
| Epigastric – | above the stomach. |
| Umbilical - | near the umbilicus. |
| Hypogastric- | –below the stomach |
| Left Hypochondriac– | below the ribs. L |
| . Right Hypochondriac– | below the ribs. R |
| Left Lumbar | - near the waist. L |
| Right Lumbar – | near the waist , R |
| Left Iliac – | near the hips. L |
| Right Iliac – | near the hips, R |
| Superior (Cranial ) | Towards the head of upper part of structure example: The head is superior to the abdomen |
| Inferior (Caudal) : | Away from the head or towards the lower part of the body |
| Anterior (Ventral) | Towards the front of the body |
| Posterior (Dorsal) | Towards the back of the body |
| Medial | Towards the MIDLINE OF THE BODY EX. The heart is medial to the lungs |
| Lateral | AWAY from the midline of the body EX. tHE ARMS ARE LATERAL TOT HE CHEST |
| Proximal | Closer to the point of attachment of limb to the trunk EX. The elbow is promixal to the wrist |
| Distal | Farther from thr point of attachment of a limb to the trunk EX. the fingers are distal to the elbow |
| Superficial | Towards the body surface |
| Deep | Away from the body surface ; more internal |
| Body planes - | Are imaginary lines that divide the body into sections , providing a useful way to describe the locations and movement of the bodys parts |
| Body planes - FRONTAL | Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts |
| Body planes - SAGITTAL | Divides the body into left and right parts. Division is exatcly in the middle ; MIDSAGITTAL or median plane Division is off-center ; Parasagittal plane |
| Body planes - TRANSVERSE | Divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts |
| Body planes - SAGITTAL if division is exatcly in the middle | Midsagittal or (median) plane |
| Body planes - SAGITTAL Division is off-center ; | Parasagittal plane |
| Body Cavities: Abdominal Cavity | CONTAINS THE STOMACH, iNTESTINES , LIVER , SPLEEN , GALLBLADDER , PANCREAS , URETERS , AND KIDNEYS |
| Body Cavities: Cranial Cavity | inside is the skull , or cranium , contains the brain |
| Body Cavities: Pelvic Cavity | Contains the urinary bladder . urethra , part of the large intestine , and the rectum , uterus and vagina in the female and prostate in the male |
| Body Cavities: Spinal Cavity | Consists of the spinal column connecting to the cranial cavity |
| Body Cavities: The Thoracic or Chest Cavity | Contains the heart , lungs , esophagus , trachea , and the aorta . It s divided into Plural cavitties (surrounding each lung) & the mediastinum ( between the lungs , containing the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus and thymus gland |
| The 5 Body Cavities | Abdominal Cavity ,Cranial Cavity ,Pelvic Cavity , Spinal Cavity , The thoracic or Chest Cavity |
| Structural units | are the building blocks of living organisms, each serving specific functions and interacting to perform complex tasks |
| The 4 structural units of the human body from the smallest to largest | Cell, Tissues ,Organ , Organ system |
| Cells are the | basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. They are the smallest units capable of performing life processes and are often referred to as the building blocks of life |
| Prokaryotic Cells - | bacteria & archaea |
| Each Cell type includes distinct Structures and function: | Prokaryotic Cells - bacteria & archaea Eukaryotic Cells - plant, animal, fungal, protist |
| Eukaryotic Cells - | plant, animal, fungal, protist |
| Tissues | groups of cells that work together to perform specific functions in the body. They are an organizational level between cells and organs, providing a structural and functional framework for the body's systems. |
| The 4 primary tissues types : | Epithelial Tissue - covering and lining surfaces Muscle Tissue - producing movement Nervous Tissue - transmitting electrical impulses Connective Tissue - supporting and binding |
| Organs | structures composed of different tissues working together to perform specific functions, such as the heart pumping blood,lungs facilitating gas exchange, kidneys filtering waste, and brain processing sensory information. |
| Organ Systems | group of organs that work together to perform complex functions essential for the body's overall health and survival, cardiovascularsystem (heart and blood vessels), respiratorysystem (lungs and airways), digestive system (stomach, intestines, and liver) |
| Microbiology | is the study of all living organisms that are too small to be visible with the naked eye. This includes bacteria, archaea, viruses, fungi, prions, protozoa and algae, collectively known as 'microbes’. |
| microbes play key roles in | nutrient cycling, biodegradation/biodeterioration, climate change, food spoilage, the cause and control of disease, and biotechnology |
| Cell Structure : Cell ,embrane, or plasma membrane | is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds the cell, providing protection and structural support. It regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell through selective permeability, facilitates communication aids in cell recognition |
| Cell Structure : Cell Wall | gid, protective layer that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells, fungi, bacteria, and some archaea. It provides structural support, protection, and helps maintain the shape of the cell. |
| Cell Structure : Nucleus | A membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells that houses the cell's genetic material (DNA). It serves as the control center of the cell, regulating gene expression, cell growth, and reproduction. |
| Cell Structure : Membrane | A thin, flexible layer of tissue that serves as a barrier, lining, or partition within or around a biological organism. |
| Cell Structure : Cytoplasm | Gel-like substance within the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus, that contains all the cellular organelles and various molecules. It provides a medium for metabolic reactions and helps maintain the cell's shape and consistency. |
| Cell Structure : Ribsome | cellular organelle composed of RNA and proteins that synthesizes proteins by translating genetic information from messenger RNA (mRNA). |
| Cell Structure : Endoplasmic Recticulum | network of membranous tubules in eukaryotic cells involved in protein and lipid synthesis. Rough ER, with ribosomes, aids in protein synthesis, while smooth ER handles lipid synthesis and detoxification |
| Cell Structure :Golgi Apparatus | packages molecules processed by theendoplasmic reticulum to be transported out of the cell |
| Cell Structure :Mitochondria Power house of the cell | complex organelles that convert energy from food into a form that the cell can use. They have their own genetic material, separate from the DNA in the nucleus, and can make copies of themselves |
| Cell Structure : Lysosome | They digest foreign bacteria that invade the cell, rid the cell of toxic substances, and recycle worn-out cell components |
| Cell Structure :Flagellum | A slender threadlike structure, especially a microscopic appendage that enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim. |
| Cell Structure : Cilia | Cilia are small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells. They are primitive in nature and could be single or many. Cilia play a major role in locomotion. |
| Bacteria | A member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and an organized nucleus, including some that can cause disease |
| Viruses | Viruses are tiny infectious agents that rely on living cells to multiply. They may use an animal, plant, or bacteria host to survive and reproduce |
| Fungi | a group of spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter, including molds, yeasts, mushrooms, and toadstools. The Kingdom Fungi is a group of living organisms that are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic in nutrition |
| Protozoa | a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris. Historically, protozoans were regarded as "one-celled animals”.Organism & Microorganisms |
| Common tests include | blood work, urinalysis, and diagnostic imaging (x-ray, ultrasound). |
| Diagnostic imaging studies that use radiation include | x-rays, computedtomography (CT), angiography, mammography, and nuclear medicine studies |
| Diagnostic imaging that does not use radiation or radiologic waves include | magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which uses an electromagnetic field to produce images, and ultrasound, which uses sound waves |
| contrast material is also common with diagnostic imaging Many body structures appear dark on imaging studies (radiolucent) due to their | lack of density. |
| radiopaque | (lighter/brighter) Refers to structures that are dense and resist the passage of x-rays. Radiopaque structures appear light or white in a radiographic image. |
| (radiolucent) | body structures appear dark on imaging studies |
| Contrast aids in diahnostic immaging ( making structures more radiopaque) (lighter/brighter) | air, barium, gadolinium, and iodine. These contrast substances can be administered orally, through injection, or intravenously |
| Nuclear medicine is a type of diagnostic imaging that involves | the administration of radioactive isotopes that will collect in areas of high metabolic activity. Examples of nuclear imaging include SPECT scan (used to assess brain damage following a stroke), |
| Incidence (NEW CASES) | Refers to the occurrence of new diseases/cases in a specific pop over a distinct time period. Incidence of injuries can be classified into groups of ppL who participate in specific activities |
| Prevalence (Total Cases) | Refers to the proportion of a population who have a particular disease at a specific point in time over a period of time.,demographic areasthere might be a higher prevalence of some diseases due to infectious reservoirs within the community |
| Risk factors | Are characteristics that make a person more likely to suffer a disease or injury. These can be modifiable or nonmodifiable |
| Morbidity | refers to the measure of sickness or disease within a specific population or area. |
| Mortality | is the measure of deaths in an area or a population. |
| Comorbidities | are diseases or conditions in one person at the same time. Often these comorbidities are chronic in nature. Multiple health issues occurring simultaneously can make diagnosis and treatment more difficult |
| Examples of Common comorbid conditions | Obesity, heart disease, and diabetes mellitus |
| Endemic disease | is an illness that is constantly present within a community |
| Epidemic is | when an infectious disease spread rapidly to a large number of people |
| Pandemic is | a world-wide outbreak of a disease |
| An epidemic can turn into a ____________ if measures are not taken to keep the illness under control. | pandemic |
| Organ Systems :The Skeletal System | Functions: mechanical support, movement, protection, blood cell production, calcium storage and endocrine regulation. The skeletal system is composed of bones and cartilages. There are two parts of the skeleton; axial and appendicula |
| Organ Systems : The muscular system | consists of all the body muscles. There are three muscle types; smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscles. |
| Organ Systems : The cardiovascular system | comprised of the heart and the circulatory system of blood vessels.Functions include transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body within the blood,and as well as eliminating carbon dioxide and other metabolic waste. |
| Organ Systems :The Circulatory System Also called the vascular system, the circulatory system | Consists of arteries, veins, and capillaries, forming a continuous network that carries blood throughout the body. |
| Organ Systems :The Respiratory System | The primary function of the respiratory system is to facilitate the intake of oxygen into the body and the expulsion of carbon dioxide. consists of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs (alveoli). |
| Organ Systems :The Nervous System | Responsible for the initiation and regulation of vital body functions, sensory perception, control of body movements. It consists of the brain, spinal cord, and sensory organs, connected by neurons that transmit signals throughout the body. |
| The axial skeleton consists of | the bones of the head and trunk. |
| The appendicular skeleton consists of | bones within the limbs, as well as supporting pectoral and pelvic girdles |
| bones in an adult human body. | 206 |
| joint or articulation | The place at which 2 bones are fitted together is called the joint or articulation. Joints are supported by cartilages and reinforced with ligaments. Know the bones of the body |
| Long Bone | Cylinder-like shape, longer than it is wide ; Leverage ; ex.Femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, humerus ,etc |
| Short Bone | Cube-like shape, approximately equal in length, width, thickness ;Provides stability, support, while allowing for some motion ; ex.Carpals, tarsals |
| Flat Bone | Thin and curved ;Points of attachment for muscles;protectors of internal organs; ex.Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones |
| Irregular Bone | Complex shape ; Protect internal organ ; Vertebrae, facial bones |
| Seasmiod Bone | Small and round; embedded in tendons ; Protect tendons from compressive forces ; Patellae |
| Smooth muscle | found within walls of blood vessels and hollow organs such as the stomach or intestines. does not contain repetitive sarcomeres, thus is non-striated muscle. |
| Cardiac muscle cells | form the heart muscle, also called the false striated muscle |
| Skeletal muscles | attach to the bones of the body; can be controlled consciously and enable us to produce body movement. striated muscle |
| striated muscle | Histologically, skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers are arranged in a repetitive fashion giving a striped appearance |
| The heart is composed of four chambers; | two atria and two ventricles. Blood enters the heart through the upper chambers of the left and right atria and exits via the left and right ventricles |
| Heart valves prevent | the backflow of blood. the heart acts as a two-way pump. |
| The right side of the heart pumps | deoxygenated blood into the pulmonary circulation of the lungs, where the blood is reoxygenated again |
| Left side of the heart simultaneously pumps | oxygenated blood into the systemic circulation, distributing it to the peripheral tissues. |
| The regular pumping, or heartbeat, is controlled by | the conduction system of the heart. |
| Arteries and veins differ histologically and in function, | , with arteries transporting blood away from the heart and veins bringing it back. |
| three separate circuits to the circulatory system: | Systemic , Coronary , Pulmonary |
| Systemic Circulation: | Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart |
| Coronary Circulation: | Supplies blood to the heart muscle (myocardium) itself, providing the necessary oxygen and nutrients for the heart's functioning |
| Pulmonary Circulation: | Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and brings oxygenated blood back to the heart. |
| upper respiratory system | nasal cavity and pharynx |
| lower respiratory system | the trachea, the bronchi and bronchioles, and the alveoli |
| alveoli | conduct air into the lungs with the help of respiratory muscles (mainly the diaphragm intercostal muscles). In the lungs, air enters the alveoli, where gas exchange occurs: oxygen enters the blood, carbon dioxide is removed via the pulmonary circulation |
| The nervous system is divided into 2 systems & functionally into 2 systems | central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) nervous systems |
| Central Nervous System | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| The brain, located within the neurocranium, is composed oF | the cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem (including the pons and medulla oblongata |
| Central spaces within the CNS, known as ____________, are filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). | ventricles |
| Gray matter | made of neuron cell bodies, it is found in the cerebral cortex and the central portion of the spinal cord gray matter is where the instructions generate |
| White matter | made of axons, which combine and build neural pathways. white matter is the path through which the instructions travel toward the organs |
| Peripheral nervous system | it conducts information from the CNS to the target tissues, and from the target tissues to the CNS. |
| the ascending, afferent or sensory nerve fibers | Nerves that carry information from peripheral sense organs (for example eye, tongue, nasal mucosa, ear, skin) to the CNS |
| the descending, efferent, motor or secretory nerve fibers | Fibers that carry information from the CNS to the periphery (muscles and glands |
| The Somatic Nervous System (SNS) | voluntary control over our movements and responses. It conveys sensory&motor information between the skin, sensory organs, skeletal muscles, the CNS; establishing communication of the human body with its environment and response to outside stimuli |
| Major somatic peripheral nerves include | the median nerve, sciatic nerve and femoral nervE |
| The Autonomic Nervous System | controls all the internal organs unconsciously, through the associated smooth muscle and glands |
| The Autonomic Nervous System divides into | sympathetic (SANS) and parasympathetic (PANS) autonomic nervous systems |
| sympathetic nervous system | informally known as producing the “flight or fight” state as it is the part of the ANS which is mostly active during stress |
| Parasympathetic (PANS) nervous systems | dominates during rest and is more active in “rest and digest” or “feed and breed” activities. |
| Organ Systems ; The Digestive System | Function is to degrade food into smaller and smaller compounds, until they can be absorbed into the body and used as energy. It consists of a series of gastrointestinal tract organs and accessory digestive organs |
| Organ Systems : The Urinary System | . It consists of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and urethra Functions of the urinary system include; elimination of body waste, regulation of blood volume and blood pressure, regulation of electrolyte levels and blood ph. |
| Organ Systems : The Endocrine System | A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones, which are chemical messengers that regulate various functions in the body |
| Organ Systems : The Lymphatic System | is a network of lymphatic vessels that drains excess tissue fluid (lymph) from the intracellular fluid compartment, filters it through lymph nodes, exposes it to lymphocytes (WBC) of the immune system and returns the fluid to the circulatory system. |
| Organ Systems : The integumentary system | contains sensory receptors capable of detecting heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain.Consists of skin,hair,finger/toe nails,sebaceous glands and sweat glands |
| Accessory digestive organs assist | with the mechanical and chemical food breakdown, these are the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver and gallbladder. |
| the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (or alimentary canal | consisting of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, and anal cana |
| hormones control many important processes, including | growth, metabolism, reproduction, and mood. |
| The ___________ plays a central role in this system by linking the nervous system to the endocrine system and regulating the activity of the pituitary gland | hypothalamus |
| The __________ ____, often referred to as the "master gland," is critical in controlling other endocrine glands and overall hormone production. | pituitary gland |
| The lymphatic system consists of | ymph, lymphatic plexuses, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes and lymphoid organs. |
| The lymphatic system function is to | convey and eliminate toxins and waste from the body; recirculate proteins; and defend the body from microorganisms. |
| The Endocrine System ~ The thyroid | is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck that produces hormones regulating metabolism, growth, and development |
| The Endocrine System ~ Parathyroid | Small endocrine glands located behind the thyroid gland that regulate calcium levels in the blood through the secretion of parathyroid hormone. |
| The Endocrine System ~ Adrenal | Small, triangular-shaped endocrine glands located on top of each kidney that produce hormones such as adrenaline, cortisol, and aldosterone, which regulate stress response, metabolism, and blood pressure |
| The Endocrine System ~ Pineal | A small, pea-shaped endocrine gland in the brain that produces melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles |
| The Endocrine System ~ Pancreas | Has both endocrine and exocrine functions. The endocrine portion produces insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood sugar levels |
| The Endocrine System ~ Ovaries | are female reproductive glands that produce eggs (ova) and secrete hormones such as estrogen and progesterone, which regulate menstrual cycles and reproductive functions |
| Active Immunity - | resistance to pathogens acquired during an adaptive immune response. |
| Natural Immunity - | Transplacental antibodies from mother to fetus and maternal antibodies in breast milk protect newborn from infections and Result of memory cells formed during the adaptive immune response to a pathogen. |
| Artificial Immunity -Vaccine response - | Through vaccination, one avoids the disease that results from the first exposure to the pathogen yet reaps the benefits of protection from immunological memory |
| Artificial Immunity | Passive immunity is artificially occurs when one receives immune serum or gamma globulin OR through Monoclonal antibodies |
| The Outer Epidermis | made up of stratified squamous epithelium cells that are capable of keratinizing or becoming hard and tough |
| The Underlying Dermis | mostly consists of dense connective tissue |
| Integumentary System Functions : Protection | The skin protects deeper tissues from mechanical damage, chemical damage, ultraviolet radiation, bacterial damage, and thermal damage |
| Integumentary System Functions : Temperature Regulation | The skin helps with heat loss or heat retention which is controlled by the nervous system |
| Integumentary System Functions : Elimination | The skin helps in the secretion of urea and uric acid through perspiration produced by the sweat glands. |
| Integumentary System Functions : Sensation | The integumentary system has sensory receptors that can recognize heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain |
| Organ Systems :The reproductive system, or genital system | system of internal and external sex organs which work together to contribute towards the reproduction process. |
| The reproductive system :FEMALE | external female sex organs, also known as the genitals, are the organs of the vulva (the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening). The internal sex organs are the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina |
| The reproductive system : MALE | The external male sex organs are the testes and penis, while the internal are the epididymis, ductus deferens and accessory glands |
| Homeostasis is the state of | equilibrium within the body, maintained by the coordination of physiological processes across organ systems. It operates at all levels, from cells to entire organ systems, ensuring the conditions necessary for life and health |
| Pathophysiology :Endocrine System | Diabetes mellitus type 1 &2 , Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), Hypothyroidism , Hypothyroidism |
| Pathophysiology :Integumentary System | Basal cell carcinoma(BCC) ,Squamous cell carcinoma , Malignant melanoma , Alopecia,Cellulitis,Dermatitis,Eczema |
| Pathophysiology : Musculoskeletal System | Osteoarthritis. Rheumatoid arthritis,Bursitis,Ewing’s sarcoma family of tumors,Gout , Kyphosis, Lordosis, Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle Hereditary bone disease) |
| Pathophysiology : Cardiovascular System | Hypertension,Angina , Coronary artery disease(atherosclerosis,Myocardial infarction (heart attack) . Aneurysm, Congestive heart failure (CHF) ,Mitral valve prolapse Thrombophlebitis |
| Pathophysiology :Lymphatic/ Immune | Acquired Immunodeficiency,Lymphedema , Mononucleosis , |
| Pathophysiology :Respiratory System | Asthma, Atelectasis , bronchitis.Pneumonia, Influenza , Systemic lupus erythematosus |
| Pathophysiology : Nervous System | Stroke, Migraine , Parkinson's , MS , Meningitis , Seixures , Bell's Palsy , Azheimer's |
| Pathophysiology : Reproductive System | Endometriosis,Pelvic inflammatory disease , Cervical cancer ,STI AND STD,Hydrocele, Prostate cancer |
| Pathophysiology :Urinary system | Acute kidney failure, Chronic kidney disease ,Incontinence , Polycystic kidney disease,Pyelonephritis, Renal calculi |
| Pathophysiology :Digestive system | Appendicitis ,Cirrhosis, Cholelithiasis (gallstones), Colitis (inflammation of the large intestine,Constipation,Crohn's disease, Hemorrhoids |
| Common Injuries | Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)tear,Concussion ,Muscle strain, Epicondylitis (tennis elbow |
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