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Chapter 12
Structures of the skin and its related structures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| epidermis | outermost layer of the skin, made up of several specialized epithelial tissues |
| epithelial tissues | a protective covering for all the internal and external surfaces of the body |
| squamous epithelial tissue | upper layer of the epidermis flat scaly cells that are continuously shed |
| basal layer | lowest layer of the epidermis new cells are produced and then pushed upward |
| keratin | fibrous, water-repellent protein |
| melanocytes | special cells that are found in the basal cell layer |
| melanin | pigment that determines the color of the skin, which depends upon the type and amount of this pigment that is present |
| dermis | the thick layer of living tissue directly below the epidermis contains connective tissue, blood, and lymph vessels, and nerve fibers |
| sensory nerve endings | the dermis are the sensory receptors for stimuli such as touch, temperature, pain, and pressure |
| collagen | tough yet flexible fibrous protein material found in the skin and also in the bones, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments |
| mast cells | found in the connective tissue of the dermis, respond to injury, infection, or allergy by producing and releasing substances, including heparin and histamine |
| heparin | released in response to an injury, is an anticoagulant |
| histamine | released in response to allergens, causes the symptoms of an allergic response, including itching and increased mucus secretion |
| subcutaneous layer | located just below the layers of the skin and connects the skin to the surface muscles |
| adipose tissue | fat |
| cellulite | dimpled fat around the buttocks and thighs |
| lipocytes | predominant in the subcutaneous layer where they manufacture and store large quantities of fat |
| sebaceous glands | located in the dermis layer, closely associated with hair follicles |
| sebum | oily substance that is released through ducts opening into the hair follicles |
| sweat glands | tiny, coiled glands found on almost all body surfaces |
| pores | openings on the surface of the skin that act as the ducts of the sweat glands |
| perspiration | secreted by sweat glands and is made up of 99% water plus some salt and metabolic waste products; cools the body |
| hidrosis | production and excretion of perspiration |
| mammary glands | milk-producing, modified sweat glands, are sometimes classified with the integumentary system |
| hair | rod-like structures composed of tightly fused, dead protein cells filled with hard keratin. The darkness and color of the hair is determined by the amount of melanin produced by the melanocytes |
| hair follicles | sacs that hold the root of the hair fibers, determines whether the hair is straight or curly |
| arrector pili | tiny muscle fibers attached to the hair follicles that cause the hair to stand erect. contract in response to cold or fright |
| unguis | keratin plate that protects the dorsal surface of the last bone of each finger and toe |
| nail plate | translucent, is closely molded to the surface of the underlying tissues. |
| nail bed | skin underneath the nail plate |
| free edge | portion of the nail not attached to the nail bed |
| lunula | pale half-moon-shaped region at every nail root, active area of the nail, where new keratin cells form |
| cuticle | narrow band of epidermis attached to the surface of the nail just in front of the root, protecting the new keratin cells as they form |
| nail root | fastens the nail to the finger or toe by fitting into a groove in the skin |
Created by:
ZivaNikole
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