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WEEK 22:
Definitions and Tumour Nomenclature:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| hyperplasia | increase in number of normal cells (not all lead to cancer) |
| hypertrophy | increase in cell size |
| hormonal causes of hyperplasia (2) | increased hormonal stimulation, endometrial gland hyperplasia due to increases oestrogen and increased cancer risk WHEREAS benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) which is caused by increase in sensitivity to DHT but no cancer risk |
| chronic irritation hyperplasia causes (2) | constant scratchy itchy skin produce thickening of epidermis (hyperplasia), and bronchial mucous gland hyperplasia (in smokers and asthmatics) |
| other causes of hyperplasia | chemical imbalance (eg iodine deficiency producing thyroid enlargement- goitre), stimulating antibody (eg hyperthyroidism in graves disease), and viral infections (eg HPV producing epidermal hyperplasia/ common wart) |
| neoplasia | new overgrowth of abnormal tissue not under normal physiological control (benign and malignant) |
| benign tumours | well differentiated even though they are neoplasm and resemble parent tissue and have no metastatic potential |
| cancer | refers to malignant process involving a neoplasm eg blood cancer |
| malignant cancer grading (questions) | either resembles parent tissue is well differentiated or low grade (benign) or poorly differentiated (anaplastic) high grade and does not resemble parent tissue (malignant) |
| anaplasia | loss of mature or specialised features of a cell/ tissue (eg malignant tumour) |
| intermediate grade features | between low and high grade cancer (benign and malignant) |
| suffix for benign tumour | oma (eg papilloma) |
| bone tumour benign | osteoma |
| adipose tissue tumour benign | lipoma |
| smooth muscle tumour benign | leiomyoma |
| striated muscle tumour benign | rhabdomyoma |
| cartilage tumour benign | chondroma |
| tumour of glandular epithelium benign | adenoma |
| tumour of squamous and transitional epithelium benign | papilloma |
| mixed tumour | neoplastic cells with 2 morphological patterns deriving from same germ layer |
| teratoma | derived from all germ layers often found at ovaries that can have metastatic potential |
| types of malignant neoplasm (carcinoma) | squamous cell carcinoma sites (anywhere with squamous epithelium), adenocarcinoma (from glandular epithelium eg columnar and cuboidal), and transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) |
| sarcoma (malignant neoplasm) | derive from CT so all from mesodermal origin |
| bone malignant neoplasm | osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma |
| cartilage malignant neoplasm | chrondrosarcoma |
| adipose tissue malignant neoplasm | |
| smooth muscle malignant neoplasm | |
| striated muscle malignant neoplasm | |
| growth rate of benign tumours | slow rate of growth |
| growth rate of malignant tumours | variable growth rates |
| growth rate correlates with | degree of anaplasia in tumour eg high grade cancer have increased growth rate |
| bening tumours enclosed by | fibrous capsule |
| all malignant tumours need | O2 and nutrients to survive by stimulating angiogenesis within tumour and metastatic sites |
Created by:
kablooey
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