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WEEK 22:
Lung Cancer Development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| types of neuroendocrine cells (NE) (2) | small cell carcinoma and large cell carcinoma |
| adenocarcinoma | columnar epithelium, type of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) |
| metaplastic epithelium | squamous cell carcinoma, type of non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) |
| germline mutations | changes to DNA inherited during conception (heritable) |
| somatic mutations | changes to DNA that occur after conception during person's life (non heritable) |
| oncogene | mutated gene with potential to cause cancer |
| proto-oncogene | oncogene before mutation which helps regulate normal cell division |
| KRAS | most commonly mutated member observed at low frequency in squamous cell carcinoma (never in SCLC) with higher mutation frequency in smokers. |
| EGFR (epidermal growth factor) and lung adenocarcinoma | mutation in EGFR gene makes it grow via insertions, deletions + point mutations too much mainly in lung adenocarcinomas where patients with lung cancers and EGFR mutations tend to have minimal smoking history. |
| presence of KRAS mutations associated with | lack of response to EGFR inhibitors |
| therapeutic response to KRAS | adjuvant treatment with cisplatin and vinorelbine prolongs survival of NSCLC patients with wild type (WT) KRAS but not those with KRAS mutations |
| EGFR | protein on cells that help cells grow |
| common EGFR mutations | EGFR 19 deletions and EGFR L858R point mutations |
| EGFR tested for by | PCR, NGS |
| EGFR treated by | EGFR receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (Erlotinib, gefitinib etc) |
| survival in patients with KRAS | 'conflicting results' |
| methylation | switches off genes |
| p53 | damage cells when mutated via apoptosis etc |
| p53 and lung cancer association | several studies showing hotspots on TP53 gene transversion (G to T) being found in tobacco associated lung cancer, presumably induced by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHH) from tobacco smoke |
| progression pathway of cancer from initiation to metastatic spread of invasive LC** | lung cancer spreads to nearby lymph nodes to distant parts of the body - metastatic cascade |
| SCLC metastatic patterns | significantly higher rates of liver metastases |
| NSCLC metastatic patterns | higher rates of bone metastasis |
| metastatic lung cancer cascade (6) | proliferation, detachment, invasion, intravasation (enter vasculature eg lymphatics), survival in circulation, and extravasation (exit vasculature) |
Created by:
kablooey
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