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Digest Syst Anatomy
Anatomy and specialties of the digestive system Chapter 8 Med Term
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mouth = or/o, stomat/o | begins preparation for food digestion |
| Pharynx = pharyng/o | transports food from the mouth to the esophagus |
| Esophagus = esophag/o | transports food from the mouth to the esophagus |
| Small intestine = col/o, colon/o | mixes chyme coming from the stomach with digestive juices to complete the digestion and absorption of most nutrients |
| Liver = hepat/o | secretes bile and enzymes to aid in the digestion of fats |
| Gallbladder = cholecyst/o | stores bile, and releases it into the small intestine as needed |
| Pancreas = pancreat/o | Secretes digestive juices and enzymes into the small intestine as needed |
| Stomach = gastr/o | Breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juices |
| Large intestine = enter/o | Absorbs excess water, and prepares solid waste for elimination |
| Rectum, Anus = an/o, proct/o, rect/o | Control the excretion of solid waste |
| an/o | anus, ring |
| chol/e | bile, gall |
| cholecyst/o | cholecyst/o |
| col/o, colon/o | colon, large intestine |
| -emesis | vomiting |
| enter/o | small intestine |
| esophagus | esophagus |
| gingiva | gums |
| gastr/o | stomach, belly |
| hepat/o | liver |
| -lithiasis | presence of stones |
| -pepsia | digest, digestion |
| periodontium | structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth |
| -phagia | eating, swallowing |
| proct/o | anus and rectum |
| rect/o | rectum, straight |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| The Upper GI tract | consists of the mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, and stomach. Transports food from the entry into the body until digestion begins in the stomach |
| The palate | forms the roof of the mouth |
| Hard palate | anterior portion of the roof of mouth and covered with specialized mucous membranes |
| Soft palate | flexible posterior portion of the palate. Important during swallowing by closing off the nasal passages so food/drink moves downwards |
| Uvula | moves upward during swallowing. Plays a role in snoring and forming some speech sounds |
| Tongue | Very strong, flexible, and muscular; posterior portion attached. The anterior end freely moves and is flexible. The tongue has a rich blood supply which makes it important in the absorption of medications sublingually |
| Papillae | small bumps on the tongue that contain taste buds (sensory receptors) |
| saliva and salivary glands | colorless liquid that maintains the moisture in the mouth. And three pairs of glands secrete saliva carried by ducts 1. maintains the health of teeth 2. begins digestive process by lubricating food during chewing/swallowing |
| Esophagus | muscular tube through which ingested food passes from pharynx to mouth |
| The stomach | sac-like organ composed of the fundus (upper, rounded part), body (main portion), and antrum (lowest part |
| Rugae | folds in the mucosa lining of the stomach, allow flexibility and increase or decrease in size |
| Gastric juices | aid in the beginning of food digestion. Produced by glands with the rugae |
| Pyloric sphincter | ring-like muscle at the base of stomach, controls the flow of partially digested food from the stomach to the duodenum |
| The Lower GI tract | referred to as bowels, is made up of the small and large intestines plus the rectum and anus |
| Small Intestine (3 parts) | coiled organ up to 20 feet and consists of three sections from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine |
| 1. Duodenum | first portion of small intestine from pylorus of stomach to the jejunum |
| 2. Jejunum | middle portion of the small intestine, extends from duodenum to ileum |
| 3. Ileum | last and longest portion, from the jejunum to the cecum |
| Large Intestine | from the end of the small intestine to anus. Twice as wide as small intestine, but 1/4 as long; waste products are processed |
| Cecum | pouch that lies on the right side of the abdomen; from ileum |
| Vermiform appendix | (worm-like form) |
| Colon (four portions) | 1. ascending colon 2. transverse colon 3. descending colon 4. sigmoid colon |
| Liver | largest organ in the body |
| Functions of the Liver (4) | 1. Secretes bile which aids in the digestion of fats 2. Removes excess glucose and toxins from the blood 3. Stores excess glucose as glycogen (starch) 4. Turns food into the fuel and nutrients the body needs |
| Bilirubin | a pigment excreted into bile, giving it a yellow/green color |
| Bile | travels from liver to gallbladder where it's stored for later use in digesting fats |
| Gallbladder | pear-shaped organ about the size of an egg located under the liver |
| Pancreas | soft, 6-inch long oblong gland, located behind the stomach; important in both the digestive and endocrine system |
| Pancreatic juices | aid in digestion and contains enzymes and sodium bicarbonate to helps neutralize stomach acids |
| Digestion | process by which complex food are broken down into nurtrients |
| Metabolism | all processes involved in the body's use of nutrients |
| anabolism | building up of body cells and substances from nutrients |
| catabolism | the breaking down of body cells or substances |
| Absoption | process by which digested nutrients are transported to the cells throughout the body |
| Mastication | (chewing) breaks down food into smaller pieces, mixes w/ saliva |
| Bolus | mass of food that has been chewed and is ready to be swallowed |
| Peristalisis | series of wavelike contractions of the smooth muscles that moves food |
| Chyme | semifluid mass of partly digested food |
| Emulsification | bile breaks apart large fat globules so enzymes in pancreatic juices can digest the fats |
| Feces | solid body wastes, are expelled through the rectum and anus |
| Defecation | bowel movement (BM) is the evacuation or emptying of large intestine |
| Borborygmus | is the rumbling noise caused by movement of gas |
| Flatulence | (flatus) passage of gas out of the body through the rectum |
| Bariatrics | medicine concerned with the prevention and control of obesity and associated diseases |
| Dentist | specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and disorders of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity |
| Gastroenterologist | specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of disease and disorders of the stomach and intestines |
| Oral/Maxillofacial Surgeon | specializes in surgery of the face and jaws to correct deformities, treat diseases, and repair injuries |
| Orthodonist | dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth and related facial structures |
| Periodonist | Specializes in preventing or treating disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth |
| Proctologist | Specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus |
Created by:
lrcoy9
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