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WEEK 20:
Introduction to the mediastinum:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| superior mediastinum boundary | superior thoracic aperture (inlet) |
| inferior mediastinum boundary | diaphragm |
| anterior mediastinum boundary | sternum + costal cartilage |
| posterior mediastinum boundary | T1-T12 vertebrae |
| lateral mediastinum boundary | mediastinal pleurae |
| contents of the anterior mediastinum (5) | stemopericardial ligament, fat, lymph nodes + vessels, branches of internal thoracic vessels, and remnant of thymus (primary lymphoid organ) |
| contents of the superior mediastinum from anterior to posterior (5) | thymus, great vessels (VAN), trachea, oesophagus, and lymphatics |
| posterior mediastinum contents | thoracic aorta, thoracic duct, AZ vein/ hemi AZ vein, accessory hemiAZ vein, oesophagus, oesophageal plexus, vagus nerve (CN X), vagal trunks, thoracic sympathetic trunks and thoracic splanchic nerves |
| posterior mediastinum boundaries (4) | superior anterior posterior and inferior |
| superior border of the posterior mediastinum | transverse thoracic plane |
| carina | point of bifurcation of trachea into main bronchi |
| point at which bifurcation of trachea + where right lymphatic duct + thoracic duct | T4/5 |
| azygous system of veins (3) | azygous, accessory hemi-azygous, and hemi azygos veins |
| oeseophagus compressed by (4) | aortic arch (C6), left main bronchus (T4), heart due to left atrium (T5), and diaphragm (T10) |
| radiology showing mediastinal shift/ displacement | when trachea used to npow onto the side t shift |
| main sections of the mediastinum (2) | superior and inferior |
| the inferior mediastinum can further be split into (3) | anterior, middle, and posterior |
| what veins are found in the superior mediastinum (2) | SVC and brachiocephalic veins |
| what arteries are found in the superior mediastinum (4) | aortic arch, brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries |
| what nerves are found in the superior mediastinum (3) | phrenic, vagus, and cardiac plexus |
| thymus | primary lymphoid organ |
| location of middle mediastinum | between right and left pleural cavities |
| middle mediastinum content (10) | heart, pericardium, root of great vessels, trachea, main bronchi, arch of agygos vein, lymph node, phrenic nerve, vagus nerve, and cardiac plexus |
| anterior border of the posterior mediastinum | pericardium |
| posterior border of the posterior mediastinum | posterior thoracic wall and vertebral column (T5-T12) |
| inferior border of the posterior mediastinum | diaphragm |
| importance of the azygous system | connects the SVC and IVC so if either of these are blocked, blood can still return to the heart using this alternative route |
| azygous vein | big vein on the right side and ascends up the thorax and arches over the right lung root to join the SVC |
| hemiazygos vein | in the left lower thorax around T8 to join azygous vein draining into the lower left intercostal veins |
| accessory hemiazygos vein | on the left upper thorax around T7 joining the azygos vein and drains into the upper/ mid left intercostal veins |
| which nerve pierces the diaphragm | greater splanchnic nerve (to reach coeliac ganglion) |
| phrenic nerve | innervates diaphragm running anterior to root of lung |
| vagus nerve | cranial nerve x (parasympathetic nerve) supplying the heart , lungs, GI tract running posterior to root of lung |
| recurrent laryngeal nerves | branches of vagus nerve acting as a motor nerve to most intrinsic laryngeal muscles |
| right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops | loops under right subclavian artery |
| left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops | loops under arch of aorta |
| what happens if the laryngeal nerve is affected | hoarseness |
| left recurrent laryngeal nerve can be compressed by | aortic aneurysm, enlarged left atrium, mediastinum tumours |
Created by:
kablooey
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