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Neuroanatomy
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Peripheral nervous system | The part of the nervous system that comprises all the axons and nerve cells that lie outside the brain and spinal cord, connects the CNS to limbs and organs |
| Somatic | Communicates sensation and movement |
| Autonomic | Regulates the function of internal organs and glands |
| Sympathetic | Arousing, fight or flight (or freeze or fawn) |
| Parasympathetic | Calming, rest and digest |
| Central nervous system | The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord, mediates behavior |
| Spinal cord | The pathway for messages between the brain and body |
| Brainstem | Connects the brain and spinal cord, and houses several structures that are evolutionarily the oldest parts of the brain and functionally control most of our primary biological functions |
| Reticular formation | Neuron network in the brainstem that enables consciousness, sensory and motor function, and endocrine and neurotransmitter regulation, part of the tegmentum |
| Medulla oblongata | Key conduit for nerve signals to and from your body, and controls vital processes like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure |
| Cerebellum | Helps coordinate and regulate a wide variety of functions, including balance, spatial awareness, and sense of timing |
| Pons | Handles unconscious processes, such as sleep-wake cycle and breathing, and has several junction points for nerves that control muscles and carry information from senses in your head and face |
| Tectum | Contains the nuclei of the superior and inferior colliculi, which are involved in the preliminary processing of visual or auditory stimuli, respectively |
| Tegmentum | Made up of the red nucleus and periaqueductal grey matter |
| Diencephalon | Primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control |
| Thalamus | Body’s information relay station. All sensory info (except smell) is processed before being sent to the cerebral cortex for interpretation, also plays a role in sleep, wakefulness, consciousness, learning and memory. |
| Hypothalamus | Keeps your body in homeostasis by directly influencing your autonomic nervous system or by managing hormones |
| Pituitary gland | Produces and releases several hormones that help carry out important bodily functions, signals to your organs and glands via hormones to tell them what functions are needed and when |
| Pineal body | Secretes melatonin in response to darkness, and lots of other polypeptide hormones that have a regulatory influence on endocrine organs |
| Telencephalon | Includes basal ganglia, a group of nuclei comprising the caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, involved in movement regulation, and hippocampus and amygdala, which play roles in memory and emotion. |
| Limbic system | Regulates emotions, behavior, motivation and memory |
| Amygdala | Major processing center for emotions, especially fear |
| Cingulate cortex | It regulates emotion, attention, memory, and motivation, making it central to how we process experiences and respond to challenges |
| Hippocampus | Responsible for memory and learning |
| Basal ganglia | Controls the body's ability to move, to learn, and to process emotions |
| Caudate | Processes sensory information and influences motor activity, maintains body and limb posture, and plays a role in memory, learning, and emotions |
| Putamen | Regulation of motor control, specifically concerning the execution of smooth and coordinated movements |
| Globus pallidus | Regulate voluntary movements by acting as an inhibitory control center |
| Frontal lobe | Manages thinking, emotions, personality, judgment, self-control, muscle control and movements, memory storage and more |
| Parietal lobe | Processes your sense of touch, assembles input from your other senses into a form you can use, and helps you understand where you are in relation to other things that your senses are picking up around you |
| Temporal lobe | Plays a role in managing your emotions, processing information from your senses, storing and retrieving memories, and understanding language |
| Occipital lobe | Plays a crucial role in language and reading, storing memories, recognizing familiar places and faces, and processes visual signs |
| White matter | Refers to the axon tracts it is made up of, which comes from the predominance of myelinated axons in the major CNS pathways |
| Gray matter | Refers to the nuclei and/or cortices, which are rich in neuronal cell bodies and synapses |
| Meninges | The three layers of protective tissue that the brain and spinal cord are encased in: dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater. |
| Subarachnoid space | The area between the arachnoid and pia mater that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid and where all of the blood vessels travel through |
| Major cerebral arteries | Anterior, posterior, and middle |
| Circle of Willis | The location where the three major cerebral arteries meet, located on the ventral surface |
| Anterior | Supplies blood to the more medial and dorsal areas of the brain |
| Posterior | Supplies blood to the ventral parts of the brain (mostly the occipital and temporal lobes) |
| Middle | Supplies blood to the lateral parts of the brain as well as part of the forebrain |
| Central sulcus | Divides frontal and parietal lobes |
| Lateral fissure | Divides frontal and temporal lobes |
| Longitudinal fissure | Divides left and right hemispheres |
| Corpus callosum | Connects the two hemispheres |
| Ventricular system | Produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid |
| Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) | A substance that surrounds the brain and spinal cord |
| Choroid plexus | A layer of cells that line some of the ventricles and produce CSF |
| Functions CSF serves | Cushions and protects the brain, aids brain metabolism, excretes metabolic waste, and prevents toxins from entering the brain |
| Afferent | Incoming information, input, is usually sensory pathways |
| Efferent | Outgoing information, output, is usually motor pathways |
| Ipsilateral | Same side |
| Contralateral | Opposite side |
| Localization of function | The principle that specific functions have specific locations in the brain |
| Lateralization of function | The principle that some neural functions tend to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other |
| Olfactory I | Provides sense of smell |
| Optic II | Provides vision |
| Oculomotor III | Opening and moving your eyes and adjusting pupil width |
| Trigeminal V | Providing sensations in your eyes, most of your face and inside your mouth. Also allows you to chew food |
| Trochlear IV | Looking down and moving your eyes toward your nose or away from it |
| Abducens VI | Moving your eyes from left to right |
| Vestibulochoclear VIII | Providing the sense of hearing and balance |
| Facial VII | Controlling several facial muscles to make facial expressions and providing the sense of taste in part of your tongue |
| Glassopharyngeal IX | Providing taste sensations to part of your tongue and controlling muscles for swallowing. It also has parasympathetic nerve fibers that play a role in blood pressure regulation and saliva (spit) production. |
| Hypoglossal XII | Controlling tongue movement, which plays a role in speaking, eating and swallowing. |
| Vagus X | Regulating several automatic bodily processes, including your digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, breathing, mood, saliva production and more. It’s the main nerve of your parasympathetic nervous system. |
| Accessory XI | Controlling shoulder and neck movement. |
| Cervical spinal nerves | Located at the top of the spine, control the neck, shoulders, arms, and diaphragm |
| Thoracic spinal nerves | Branch into the chest and abdominal muscles (from upper chest to lower back) |
| Lumber spinal nerves | Located in the lower back, control the front of the legs and lower body (from groin to lower legs and feet) |
| Sacral spinal nerves | Manage the pelvis and back of the legs (from hips and groin to perineal area to back of thighs) |
| Coccygeal spinal nerves | Single nerve that affects sensation around the tailbone and coccyx region |
| Forebrain | The largest part of the CNS, houses many structures with a variety of functions, all of which ultimately help create, coordinate, and control thought and behavior, and are evolutionarily newer than brainstem structures |
| Red nucleus | Involved in the coordination of movements, part of the tegmentum |
| Substantia nigra | Part of the midbrain (mesencephalon), produces dopamine which is crucial for motor and movement control, cognitive executive functions, and emotional limbic activity. |
| Periaqueductal grey matter | Involved in pain processing, part of the tegmentum |
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