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WEEK 18:
Respiratory system - histology and defence mechanisms:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the majority of the respiratory tree (nasal cavity to bronchi) lined by aka respiratory epithelium | pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (with goblet cells) |
| why is respiratory epithelium classified as pseudostratified | although it is a single layer, nuclei is not in the same plane and appears as multiple layers |
| what are the bronchioles lined by | simple columnar to cuboidal epithelium |
| what are alveoli lined by | thin squamous epithelium (for gas exchange) |
| airways are divided into (2) | conducting and respiratory segment |
| conducting airway segment | nostrils to terminal bronchiole |
| respiratory airway segment | respiratory bronchioles to alveoli |
| nasal vestibule is lined by | keratinised stratified squamous epithelium |
| oropharynx and laryngopharynx epithelium | non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium |
| epithelium in the nasal cavity | pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium (with goblet cells) |
| point separating the nasal vestibule and nasal cavity | limen nasi |
| why is the oropharynx and laryngopharynx lined by non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium | for mechanical (its durability assists friction associated with swallowing food) and immune protection (waldeyers ring - tonsils, which are lymphatic aggregates) |
| how are airways kept open to cope with changing pressure | by bony or cartilaginous scaffolds |
| what do turbinate bones form | narrow passageways that create turbulence and increase SA:V to drive air in and out of sinuses |
| large venous plexus in submucosa role | adjust temperature and moisten air |
| vibrissae | hairs that prevent large particles from entering |
| mucus | lines the nasal cavity to the terminal bronchioles and traps smaller particles |
| airway system consists of (total = 10) | trachea, 2 main bronchi, 2 left lobar bronchi, 3 right lobar bronchi, segmental bronchi, and bronchioles (terminal and respiratory) |
| types of bronchiole | terminal and respiratory |
| main histological layers in respiratory system (lining trachea, bronchi etc) (4) | mucosa, submucosa, cartilage and/ or muscular layer, adventitia |
| types of mucosa in the respiratory system (2) | respiratory epithelium and lamina propria |
| where is respiratory epithelium NOT found | larynx and pharynx |
| lamina propria contains | connective tissue, blood, and lymph |
| submucosa contains | seromucous glands, smooth muscle/ elastin fibres |
| where + what is cartilage and/ or muscular layer | hyaline cartilage (C) in trachea, becoming less prominent as tubes become smaller |
| adventitia | connective tissue anchoring airway to surrounding structures and has blood vessels + nerves |
| basal cells | stem cells |
| neuroendocrine cells | cells responding to chemical or mechanical stimuli by releasing neuropeptides and neurotransmitters |
| club cells are found where | only in terminal bronchioles |
| what are club cells | non ciliated epithelial cells |
| function of club cells | repair airway after injury, secrete anti-inflammatory + immunomodulatory proteins, and detoxification |
| mucociliary elevator | cilia moves together in a wave pattern to push mucus upwards to the throat |
| metaplasia | mature cell replaced by another cell in the same tissue |
| why does metaplasia occur | survival mechanism in response to injury eg smoking |
| drawback of metaplasia | new cell doesn't do the same job so specialised function is lost |
| metaplasia can predispose what | cancer (squamous carcinoma) |
| trachea | anterior c shaped plates of cartilage with posterior smooth muscle (trachealis muscle), containing mucous glands |
| trachealis muscle | fibroelastic tissue that controls diameter |
| bronchi | discontinuous cartilage plates containing mucous glands, with a thicker smooth muscle layer than trachea |
| compare smooth muscle in trachea and bronchi | thicker in bronchi than trachea |
| bronchioles | terminal and respiratory- has ciliated epithelium and club cells that secrete proteinaceous fluid, but does not have cartilage, goblet cells, and submucosal mucous glands |
| terminal bronchioles | last conducting airway (final airway that moves air) |
| respiratory bronchioles | cuboidal ciliated epithelium and lots of opening into alveoli |
| alveolar duct | flat epithelium with no glands and no cilia |
| alveoli epithelium types (2) | type I and II pneumocytes |
| type I pneumocytes | flattened squamous epithelium cells with very thin cytoplasm to allow diffusion. It's basement membrane is fused with capillary basement membrane |
| type II pneumocytes | rounded cells with prominent secretory granules for the production and secretion of surfactant |
| lung interstitium location | thin space between alveolar epithelial lining cells and endothelial cells of capillaries |
| lung interstitium contains | connective tissue, blood vessels, macrophages, and fibroblasts |
| emphysema | obstructive permanent enlargement of lung air spaces distal to terminal bronchiole, destroying walls and lung parenchyma leading to the loss of elasticity |
| chronic bronchitis | mucous hypersecretion due to enlargement of tracheobronchial submucosal glands and a disproportionate increase of mucous acini |
| lung defence mechanisms in distal respiratory tree | phagocytosis by resident alveolar macrophages that can be drained in lymph nodes |
| lung defence mechanisms after development of adaptive immunity in upper respiratory tract | T cell immunity and secreted IgA which blocks attachment to epithelium |
| lung defence mechanisms after development of adaptive immunity in lower respiratory tract | T cell immunity and serum antibodies (IgM and IgG) present in alveolar lining fluid activate complement and IgG is opsonic |
Created by:
kablooey
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