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WEEK 16:
Introduction to nasal cavity, air sinuses, respiratory tract, lungs + pleura:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| shape of nasal cavity | wedge shaped |
| what does the nasal cavity contain | olfactory receptors to smell |
| what separates left + right nasal cavity | septum |
| palate | separates nasal cavity from mouth |
| conchae types | superior, middle, and inferior |
| meatus | space beneath each nasal conchae which drain sinuses |
| conchae function | increase SA to warm + moisten air |
| what part of ethmoid bone makes nasal septum | perpendicular plate |
| where do olfactory nerves project | through cribiform plate |
| where are ethmoid air cells | within labyrinths |
| ethmoid air cells location | medial to orbits |
| paranasal sinuses drain where | into nasal cavity |
| hard palate is made of what | palatine process of maxilla + palatine bone |
| types of air sinuses (4) | ethmoidal, frontal, maxillary, and sphenoidal |
| paranasal sinuses are lined by what | respiratory epithelium (cilia + mucous cells) |
| ethmoidal sinus made of what | middle + posterior ethmoidal cells |
| choanae | rigid bony structure which opens into nasopharynx |
| littles area aka (kiesselbach's plexus) | common site of nosebleed |
| woodruffs plexus | nosebleed site due to hypertension, blood thinner etc |
| venous drainage problem | some people have one vein draining into cranial cavity leading to infection that can spread into cranial cavity |
| olfactory nerve (CN I) function | smell |
| branches of trigeminal nerve (CN V1 and V2) function | 'general sensation' |
| horizontal fissure in lung | separates superior lobe from middle lobe |
| oblique fissure in lung | separates superior and middle lobes from inferior lobe |
| right lobes | 3 (superior, middle, and inferior lobe) |
| left lobe | 2 (superior and middle lobe) |
| bronchopulmonary segments | portion of lung supplied by its own bronchus and artery |
| how many bronchopulmonary segments are there in each lung | 10 |
| why are bronchopulmonary segments important | allow single segment to be surgically resected (cut out) without affecting segments |
| hyoid bone | supports tongue and larynx and is superior to larynx |
| cartilages in the neck | thyroid, cricoid, tracheal, and arytenoid |
| colour of bone on a standard PA chest xray | white |
| CT thorax at level T4/5 structures visible (12) | oesophagus, trachea, costal cartilage, sternum, right lung, left lung, T5 vertebral body, arch of aorta, anterior mediastinum, superior vena cava, arch of azygos vein, and internal thoracic vessels |
| CT thorax at T6/7 structures visible (18) | oesophagus, LR main bronchi, costal cartilage, sternum, RL lung, T6 vertebral body, superior vena cava, arch of azygous vein, ascending + descending aorta, conus arteriosus, pulmonary trunk, RL pulmonary trunk, hemiazygos vein, internal thoracic vessels |
| bones in paranasal sinuses (6) | conchae, ethmoid bone, maxillary bone, palatine bone, sphenoid bone, and vomer |
| parts of parietal pleura (4) | cervical, mediastinal, costal, and diaphragmatic |
| cervical pleura | lines lung apex |
| costal pleura | lines inner ribs, sternum and intercostal spaces |
| mediastinal pleura | lines mediastinum |
| diaphragmatic pleura | lines diaphragm |
| lung hilum contains what (3) | veins anterior and inferior, arteries superior, and bronchi posterior |
| example of impression seen on left lung | diaphragm and cardiac (heart) impression |
| nasal cavity location | space in external nose and central posterior region |
| where is the superior meatus | below superior conchae |
| where is the middle meatus | below middle conchae |
| where in the inferior meatus | below inferior conchae |
| what drains into the superior meatus | posterior ethmoidal air cells |
| what drains into the middle meatus | frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, and ethmoidal cells |
| what drains into the inferior meatus | nasolacrimal duct |
| hypophyseal fossa | depression in sella turcica of sphenoid bone that houses pituitary gland |
| explain the location of the sphenoidal sinus and the hypophyseal fossa | the sphenoidal sinus is directly inferior to the hypophyseal fossa |
| atresia | when the choanae is narrowed/ blocked at birth |
| CN | cranial nerve |
| what fissures are found in the left lung | oblique |
| what fissures are found in the right lung | oblique and horizontal |
| vomer | forms inferior nasal septum |
| thyroid cartilage | largest laryngeal cartilage which protects voice box and controls pitch and tone |
| cricoid cartilage | only complete ring of cartilage located superior to trachea and inferior to the thyroid cartilage, used to support the airway (clinically important for intubation) |
| tracheal cartilage | c shaped cartilage providing structural support to keep the trachea open during inhalation and exhalation |
| arytenoid cartilage | posterior to cricoid cartilage and is responsible for vocal cord movement |
| rib cage visibility on standard PA chest xray | back of ribs easier to see than front |
| what is the back of the ribs easier to see than the front in a standard PA chest xray | front ends have invisible cartilage |
| angle between chest wall and diaphragm | costophrenic angle/ costodiaphragmatic recess |
| hilar shadows are made of what | mostly pulmonary vessels |
| what is a standard PA chest xray and how does it work | posteroanterior (patient faces the projector) |
| colour of lungs on standard PA chest xray | black |
| describe the domes of the diaphragm in the standard PA chest xray | right is higher than left |
| what are impressions on lungs | in embalmed cadavers, structures laying in close proximity to the lung leave marks (impressions) on lung surface. The embalming process makes tissue firmer. |
| what is the innervation of the larynx | vagus |
| vagus nerve position | from brainstem, through neck and into abdomen |
| recurrent laryngeal nerve* | branch of vagus nerve which supplies intrinsic laryngeal muscles except cricothyroid |
| superior laryngeal nerve* | splits into external and internal laryngeal |
| external laryngeal nerve* | supplies cricothyroid (motor) |
| internal laryngeal nerve* | supplies sensation above vocal cords (sensory) |
| phrenic nerve | runs down thorax, anterior to lung root responsible for motor supply of diaphragm and sensory supply of pericardium, mediastinal pleura, and diaphragmatic pleura |
| nasal branches of maxillary artery | terminal branch of external carotid artery supplying nasal cavity |
Created by:
kablooey
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