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2.1.1 vocabulary
medical history
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| homeostasis | the tendency toward a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements, especially as maintained by physiological processes |
| medical history | the comprehensive record of a patient's past and present health data |
| current history | the clinical record of a patient or the modern era of biomedical research |
| previous history | a comprehensive record of a person's health events prior to their current clinical presentation or research study |
| social history | the systematic collection of information regarding a patient's lifestyle, environment, and personal relationships that may impact their health outcomes |
| family history | a record of the diseases and health conditions of an individual and their biological relatives |
| chief complaint | the main reason a patient seeks medical help, stated concisely in their own words, like "severe headache" or "can't breathe," guiding the clinician to investigate the primary symptom or problem, distinct from the full medical history |
| physical signs | objective evidence of a disease or condition that can be observed or measured by a healthcare professional |
| symptoms | a subjective departure from a normal state of structure or function, experienced and reported by the patient |
| diagnosis | the process and result of identifying a medical condition, disease, or injury by evaluating a patient’s clinical data |
| differential diagnosis | the systematic process of creating a list of potential diseases or conditions that could explain a patient's signs and symptoms, then using further tests (like blood work, imaging, history) to narrow down and identify the most likely actual diagnosis, dis |
| empathy | the crucial ability of healthcare professionals to understand and connect with a patient's emotional state, fears, and perspective |
| demeanor | professional conduct, emphasizing respect, empathy, integrity, and clear communication with patients, colleagues, and teams, reflecting high standards of trust |
| tact | most commonly refers to the NIH-sponsored Trial to Assess Chelation Therapy |
| artery | a vital, muscular blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood (except pulmonary/fetal) away from the heart to supply the body's tissues with oxygen, nutrients, and hormones |
| vein | a blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins) back towards the heart |
| hyper- | signifies something high, excessive, or above normal levels/function |
| hypo- | "under," "below," "deficient," or "less than normal," |
| -emia | denotes a condition related to the blood |
| -itis | signifies inflammation, indicating a condition where a specific body part or tissue becomes red, swollen, painful, and warm |
| chemical reaction | the essential biochemical processes within living organisms, governing everything from energy production (cellular respiration), building molecules (protein synthesis), to waste breakdown |
| HIPAA | HIPAA in biomedical science protects Protected Health Information (PHI) |
| risk factor | any characteristic, behavior, or exposure increasing the likelihood of developing a disease, injury, or adverse health condition |
| triage | the urgent process of sorting patients or biological samples by severity or need, prioritizing care or analysis, especially during mass casualty events or resource scarcity |
| immune system | a complex network of cells , organs, and proteins that defends the body against pathogens, abnormal cells , and environmental threats |
| mucus | snot. a vital, complex hydrogel lining body surfaces, crucial for immunity, lubrication, and protection from pathogens and physical stress |
| lymph | a clear fluid derived from blood plasma that leaks into tissues, carrying white blood cells, nutrients, fats (as chyle), waste, and pathogens through the lymphatic system |
| lymph nodes | small, bean-shaped secondary lymphoid organs that act as crucial "command centers" and filters within the human immune system |
| cancer | the study of uncontrolled cell growth, division, and spread (metastasis) |
| carcinogen | any substance, agent, or exposure (physical, chemical, or biological) that can cause cancer, often by damaging DNA or disrupting cell processes, leading to uncontrolled cell growth |
| inflammation | the immune system's vital, protective response to injury, infection, or irritants, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain, involving immune cells and mediators like cytokines to clear threats and initiate healing |
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