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AP History Unit 2
AP History Notes-Unit 2 600 C.E. - 1450
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the holy place of Islam? | Mecca |
| Mecca is used for what? | Trading crossroads |
| What is the Ka'aba? | Large holy building that has fallen from Heaven and has special powers |
| Who is Muhammad? | Muslim Prophet who preached mootheism in Mecca |
| What does Islam mean? | "Submit" to God's will |
| What are the Five duties "PILLARS" of Islam? | Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Hajj |
| What is the Hajj? | The pilgrimage to Mecca if able |
| What do Muslims call God? | Allah |
| What does a Muslim caliph resemble in Christianity? | The Pope |
| What are the two divisions of Islam? | Shia and Sunni |
| What is the Shia? | The family members of Muhammmad- descendants of Ali |
| What is the Sunni? | Chosen from the Umma-Muslim community |
| What is a government run by religon? | Theocratic |
| The caliph is: | The emperor, pope, AND chief justice |
| Who became the caliph after Muhammad? | Abu Bakr |
| What is a jihad? | Conquering region for religon and covert |
| Were there colleges? | There were instituions of higher learning. (Yes.) |
| What was the Muslim key, significant role in preserving Western culture? | The learning of the ancient Greeks, Romans, and Persians was preserved by the Muslims. They translated the writings of Plato and Aristotle to Arabic |
| What peninsula was important? | The Iberian Peninsula |
| Was education in Muslim schools free? | Yes |
| Why were people taxed? | They were taxed if they were NOT Muslims |
| What are suffis? | Islamic mystics |
| Who do Muslims have respect for? | Christians and Jews "The People of the Book" |
| What changed negative treatment towards women? | The Qur'an |
| What was forbidden? | Infanticide (Killing babies) |
| Muhammad's wife Khadija was what? | SHE was his boss and businesswoman |
| Before Islam women were: | Viewed as property |
| After Islam, women were: | Treated better. Man should have one wife (But Up to four wives if he can provide for them.) |
| What is a umayyad? | A group of people |
| Who are the "PEOPLE OF THE BOOK?" | Christians, Jews, and Muslims |
| What is Sharia? | A model for your life if you are a Muslim |
| What is a big deal for the Islamic Empire? | Science |
| What did the Islamic empire establish? | Zero is a place value |
| What improvements in medicine? | Optic (Eye) surgery |
| What improvements in navigation? | Cartographers most detailed maps in the world |
| What is an astrolabe? | Measured distnace to star in order to find your location. Used by Muslims to navigate |
| In what way did the Muslims interact with people? | By trade |
| What is the first alliance for trade? | Hanseatic League |
| What is Ghana called? | "land of gold" |
| Europe mints what? | Gold coins |
| What happens when the Mail king, Mansa Musa converted to Islam? | Many of his people also converted with him |
| What was Timbuktu? | A cultural center for Muslims (like Paris or NY city) |
| What is another name for the Indian Ocean Trade? | Sea Roads |
| What happened when sailors married local women on their routes? | Cultures mixed |
| What are Chinese Junks? | Huge boats |
| What did the Silk Routes connect? | China to Mediterranean |
| What kind of Christianity remained in Africa, Ethiopia, and Egypt? | Coptic Christianity |
| Pope encouraged what? | Military expeditions to reclaim holy land |
| Where is the Holy Land? | Jerusalem |
| Who controlled the largest land empire? | Genghis Khan |
| What is a system where leaders are chosen for ability instead of family relations? | A Meritocracy |
| What are flanking maneuvers? | Comeing around and going from behind |
| What is a horde? | A herd of people |
| What conquered Russia? | The Golden Horde |
| What is the largest single empire in human history? | The Mongol empire |
| The Mongol empire did what when approaching a city? | They promised to spare the inhabitants. But, if the inhabitants disagreed, they'd murder every human and animal |
| The Mongols used what from China? | Paper currency |
| What is the yam? | Pony Express- The postal sysem of the Mongols |
| Who is Genghis Khan's son? | Ogodei |
| What is the code of honor of the Mongols? | Batu |
| Why did the Mongols not conquer Japan? | Violent Storms (Japan thinks the Gods saved them by producing storms) |
| Mongols conquer China and call their dynasty what? | Yuan |
| Mongols and Chinese were: | Segregated |
| What does Pax Mongolica? | Peace in Mongolia |
| What does conduit mean? | A conductor for cultural excange |
| What is the biggest impact of the Mongols? | A conduit (conductor) or cultural exchange |
| Kubia Khan would not allow what? | Would not allow Chinese to learn Mongol language |
| China was not allowed to Mongolize and what important thing happened? | China kept their own culture |
| What religon is encouraged aggresively in the Sui kingdom? | Buddhism |
| When do the Mongols take over China? | During the Yuan Dynasty |
| What is a gentry? | Smart old people |
| What is a meritocracy? | Based on how good you are is how the government rules |
| Countries must do what before they can trade with China? | They mush show China is the best place |
| Tang/Song Dynasty had what two things? | Paper Money, Flying money (Credit) |
| Tang/Song invented what? | Gunpowder for military (There was no gun yet though) |
| What is block printing? | Carve out letters on wood. Dip wood in ink. |
| What was a major trading port in China? | Port of Canton |
| Tang/Song rivaled what? | British iron production during the Industrial Revolution. |
| Rice from Vietnam? | Champa rice |
| Because of Champa rice, what happened? | Population increased from 45 to 115 million |
| What was most significant in the Tang Dynasty? | Poetry |
| What was most significant in the Song Dynasty? | Printing process that expanded literacy |
| Who was the first impress of China? | Wu Zhao |
| Wu Zhao was : | Ruthless to adversaries and compassionate to peasants |
| Song had what? | foot binding |
| Song marriages were set up to benefit who? | The Groom |
| Following han, what religon formed? | Zorastrians, Islam,a dn Mahayana Buddhism |
| What is New-confucian thought? | Looks at ancient texts from Confucius Reinforced gender and class divisions |
| Urbanization in song was what? | some cities exceeded one billion people |
| What is kow-tow? | You must bow with head on ground and say that China is best |
| What is geography of Japan? | Four main islands and relatively isolated |
| The Yamato clan is what? | Th First and only dynasty to rule Japan. (The emperor today is still part of the Yamato.) |
| What is kow-tow? | You must bow with head on ground and say that China is best |
| What is geography of Japan? | Four main islands and relatively isolated |
| The Yamato clan is what? | Th First and only dynasty to rule Japan. (The emperor today is still part of the Yamato.) |
| What did Japan take from China? | Chinese characters but they did not work with Japanese language |
| Japan took what from China? | Buddhism, Chinese architecturem Confusian literary classics, organization of government, law codes, tax system, calendar, art, literature, music |
| What did Japan reject from China? | Confucianism and Civil service exam |
| In Japan: | Education is NOT as important as birth |
| Japanese emperor CAN NOT be: | Overthrown |
| Japan had a ____ society? | FEUDAL |
| What does the Shinto religon mean? | "way of the gods" |
| What is kami? | Spirits in everything |
| Yamato claimed descendant from what: | Sun goddess |
| What is the Golden Age in Japan? | Fujiwara |
| Lady Muraski-The Tale of Genji is what? | epic about love/court life |
| "Way of the Warrior" is what? | Code of Bushido (Chivalry) |
| Chivalry is: | Loyalty, courage, honor |
| What si Seppuku- hari kari? | Disembowlment (Killing self) |
| What are the Four Cardinal Virtues? | Fidelity (Faithful) ; Virility (Fearlessness) ; Truthfulness ; Simplicity |
| Samurai was called to protect who periodically? | The emperor |
| Shogunate is what? | Loose government under shogun (rich guy) |
| What is Noh drama? | big masks, smooth quiet movements |
| Vietnam grows what major plant? | RICE |
| Vietnam has a desire to do what? | Distinguish themselves as unique |
| What is Angkor Wat? | Some of Vietnam's most extensive temple conplexes |
| Who is Vishnu? | The Hindu God |
| What role did women play in Vietnam? | More privlages |
| What is self autonomy? | Independence ; rely on yourself |
| Western Rome had what? | Estates\manors |
| Western Rome had: | Form of free agricultural labor |
| The free labor ensured what? | A steady food supply |
| The laborors were NOT slaves and could NOT BE | Bought or sold |
| The laborors in Western Rome could: | Could pass on property to heirs |
| What kind of plow did the Western Romans use? | Moldboard plow in 8th century that is able to turn soil |
| What emerged in West Rome? | A middle class -craftsmen/merchants |
| What is the capital of Eastern Rome? | Constantinople |
| What provided stability in East Byzantine Rome? | Coined money |
| What did the East Byzantine Empire serve as? | Crossroads of Europe and Asia |
| Constantine is a preserver of what? | Preserver of Christianty |
| What renewed economic growth in the East Byzantine? | Rise of towns and the use of money instead of barter |
| Who was the emperor of ALL of Rome? | Constantine |
| Who converted EVERYONE IN EUROPE TO CHRISTIANITY? | Constantine |
| Rome split into what? | East and West |
| What is Western Rome? | The Holy Roman Empire |
| What is Eastern Rome? | The Byzantine Empire |
| West Rome is what key word? | Popy The Pope is there |
| East Rome is what key word? | Greecy |
| Why was trade unbalanced? | East showed little interest in Western goods |
| What are bad effects of trade? | Christian and Muslimss are hostile towards each other |
| What were the Muslims all about? | Education |
| What was present in both Christianity and Islam? | Anti-Semitism (Anti-Jewish) |
| What happened when the Vikings became Christians? | They settled and stopped killing people |
| What is feudalism? | King has power over his kingdom. Nobles granted land in exchange for service/loyalty. |
| Nobles divided land among: | Vassals |
| Vassals divided land among: | Subordinate vassals |
| Who worked the subordinate vassals' land? | Peasants |
| What is your staus defined by in Eastern Byzantine? | Your birth Lord > Knight > merchant > Artisan > peasant |
| Peasants could not do what without permission? | Leave their land |
| What reinforced Byzantine women as weak/subordinate? | Chivalry |
| What offered Byzantine women opportunities? | Convents |
| What is the primogeniture? | Eldest son gets the land |
| Women were regarded as what in Byzantine? | As property |
| at was it like in the West Holy Roman Empire? | Small feudal kingdoms |
| How were disputes settled in the West Holy Roman Empire? | By battle or Marriages |
| Who was the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire? | Charlemagne |
| Who is Charles the Great? | Charlemagne |
| Charlemagne established what? | Papal (Pope) authority over kings |
| Istambl was once what city? | Constantinople |
| What does Papal mean? | Pope |
| What country do the Franks get? | France |
| When did the Franks convert to Christianity? | During the 5th century |
| What dynasty is based on Charlemagne? | Carolingian Dynasty |
| Who is the Duke of Normandy? | William the Conqueror |
| In England, who do the vassals owe allegiance to? | The monarch |
| Who did the nobles want to control tax policies of? | King John |
| Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta? | King John |
| What did the Magna Carta do? | No taxation without representation; No arbitrary arrest; Guarantee of justice to all; Monarchy not above the law; Entitled nobility to basic rights; Later all social classes recieved basic rights |
| What was the Great Charter? | The Magna Carta |
| What was the House of Lords in England? | The clergy and nobility |
| What was the House of Commons? | Urban elite class |
| What did Voltaire say about the Holy Roman Empire? | It is "Neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire." |
| What is the East Byzantine? | Greecy |
| Who fought the Hundred Years War 1337-1453? | France Vs. England (France wins) |
| When did Joan of Arc fight? | During the hundred years war |
| What blended Greek and Roman elements? | The East Byzantine Empire |
| Which side of split Rome had Icons? | East Byzantines |
| What are icons? | Painted images of Christian saints, Virgin Mary, and Jesus |
| Under Justinian (East), what flourished? | Trade and arts |
| What is Hagia Sophia? | A Cathedral that later became a Mosque when the Muslims took over Turkey |
| What was the capital of the West Holy Roman Empire? | Rome |
| Who was Catholic? | West Holy Roman Empire |
| What was the East Byzantine capital of Rome? | Constantinople |
| Who was the Greek/Roman learning maintained by? | Muslims in Spain |
| Universities were built during the High Middle Ages where? | West Holy Roman Empire |
| West had what type of architecture? | Gothic (Muslim designs + Western architectural technology |
| Johan Gutenberg created what? | Moveable type and printed the Luter's Bible |
| What was a key role in Renaissance/Reformation/Scientific Revolution? | Gutenberg's moveable type |
| China create what? | Firearms/gunpowder |
| What is scholastism? | Reconcile logic and faith |
| What are troubadours and minstrels? | Traveling musicians |
| What was the Latin elite language? | Language |
| What is vernacular? | Local language |
| Whose influence were universities originally under? | The Church's influence |
| What kind of architecture was in Byzantine/Middle East? | Castle building |
| What kind of architecture required a higher degree of skill? | Cathedrals |
| What could take a century to build and required a lot of money? | Cathedrals |
| What is the Romanesque style like? | Thick walls, small windows, square blocky building |
| What is the Gothic style like? | Tall, slender spires, ornate carvings, large stained-glass |
| Europe followed an honor code and Japanese Feudalism followed what? | Chivalry |
| What are similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? (Europe always first) | Europe- Knights to samurai; Japan- Vassals who served in lord's military force |
| What are similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? (Europe always first) | In contrast to bushido- Chivalry was a two-sided contract between vassal/lord. |
| What are similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? (Europe always first) | Started 800s after division of Holy Roman Empire vs. started in opposition to power of the Fujiwara |
| What are similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? (Europe always first) | Hereditary- length of service Vs. Emperor (Europe) VS. hereditary, but shogan Japan |
| What are similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? (Europe always first) | Large population engaged in agriculture VS. smal agriculture population |
| What are similarities between European and Japanese feudalism? (Europe always first) | Bushido applied to both men and women of samurai class VS. Chivalry only followed by knights |
| What is bushido? | Chialry |
| In the West, the Pope said that icons are bad. So what happened? | Western Catholics destroyed ALL Eastern icons. |
| What happened in effect of Western Catholics destroying all Eastern Icons? | Easterns ex-communicated the Pope. Formed Eastern Orthodox |
| Why was Eastern Orthodox formed? | The Pope ordered all Eastern icons to be destroyed |
| East and West practiced what differently? | Christianity |
| What is Monasticism? | Monasteries |
| When did Christianity split into Roman Catholicism and Christian Orthodoxy? | 1054 |
| What two brances of Christianity formed in 1054? | Roman Catholicism (West) and Eastern Orthodox |
| East Byzantine is what form of Christianity? | Eastern Orthodox |
| What is iconoclasm? | Use of icons during worship |
| How many Holy Sacraments are there? | Seven |
| Why does Papal (Pope) authority expand? | Refusal to pay taxes for Church land and people willed land to the Church after death |
| Politics was LESS____, while religon was MORE ___? | Centralized; centralized |
| What is an edict from the Pope? | A message/declaration from the Pope |
| What was running the government in the West? | The Church was over the government |
| Church serviced in the West were in what language? | Latin (Only the Pope knew Latin) |
| Who was the EARLIEST Meso-American state? | The OLMECS |
| Which Middle American group of people had pyramids and large stone sculptures (Basalt heads) | The Olmecs |
| Who were the first people in the Americas? | The Olmecs |
| Where were the Mayan people? | Southern Mexico and Guatamala |
| List the American civilizations in order from first to last: | 1-Olmecs 2-Maya 3-Aztecs 4-Incas |
| What were the majority of the Maya people? | Peasants and slaves |
| Where were the Aztecs located? | Mexico |
| How were the Aztec women treated? | Well. Women who died in childbirth were honored similar to men dying in battle. |
| Aztec women could inherit: | Property and will it to heirs |
| What Aztec women's talent was honored? | weaving |
| Where were the Inca's located? | Peru |
| How were Incan women viewed? | Wives viewed as domestic servants |
| Incan women had the option of what? | A religous life and serving in temples of gods |
| The Mayans built what? | Pyramids like the Egyptians |
| Chichen Itza was the important city of what American civilization? | Mayas |
| The height of the Mayans is: | Very late |
| The Mayans believed that: | God created humans out of maize (corn) |
| Mayan war = | = Mayan religon (war is the same as religon) |
| Why did Mayans acquire slaves? | THERE WERE NO LARGE ANIMALS (BEASTS OF BURDEN) |
| THE MAYAN GOLDEN AGE WAS SO LATE BECAUSE OF WHAT? | THEY DID NOT HAVE BEASTS OF BURDEN |
| When was the Mayan Golden Age? | 500 > 850 CE |
| Mayan calendar was based on what? | zero |
| Who had the jaguar god/feathered serpent and the Sun god? | Aztecs |
| The Aztecs had what? | human sacrifice on extremely large scale |
| Pyramids point to what? | Heaven |
| The Incas built what? | Thousands of miles of roads |
| Incas had temple of what? | The Sun and the most important sun god |
| The Incas had a what | High level of civilization without developing alphabet/written language |
| A quipo was what? | Incan financial system (knots on cords/strings) |
| The Incan Machu Picchu was what? | Great temple/fortress complex (where the gods reside) |
| The Mayans had what? | Advanced agricultural techniques |
| Cotton and maize was widely cultivated by whom? | Mayans |
| What is a chinampa? | Twisted vines with soil on top that floated in canals |
| Who had hieroglyphics? | Mayans |
| What are hieroglyphics? | picture writing |
| Who had terrace farming (staircase fashion)? | Incas |
| What is animal husbandry? | breeding |
| Which animals were used for breeding? | llamas, alpacas, vicunas |
| Agriculture done WITHOUT WHAT? | WHEEL AND LARGE BEASTS OF BURDEN |
| What were the reasons for the Mayan decline? | Disease, drought, internal unrest (fighting), deserted cities |
| What was the chief city of the Aztecs? | Tenochtitlan (Mexico City today) |
| What are causeways? | Waterways |
| The Incas were part of what? | The Andeans Mountains |
| The Incas major city? | Royal court in Cuzco city- Great King Inca |
| It was punishable by death to do what in the Incan society? | To look at the Great king Inca |
| Cuzco is a: | Place (Incas) |
| Moundbuilders of Norht America are who? | Incas |
| What were earthern mounds? | burial places/ceremonial centers |
| Cahokia in Illinois was the most famous what? | Earthen mound |
| The Aztecs did what to prisoners of war? | Sacrificed them |
| The Mongols brought about what? | Facilitation of trade and exchange of products that brought wealth to merchants. |
| Paper money (Chinese invention) was used in what? | Mongolian trade |
| What does Pax Mongolica mean? | Peace Mongols |
| No one can trade with China on land because the MONGOLS block land, so: | Must USE SEA ROUTES (ENCOURAGED EXPLORATION OF THE SEAS AND THE DISCOVERY OF AMERICA) |
| The Mongols help spread what disease? | The bubonic plague |
| How many people die from bubonic plague? | 1/3 of Europeans die |
| Norse means: | Northern |
| Anthropomorphic means: | Personification (humanlike qualities) |
| The Vikings from Northern Europe: | were skilled invaders, explorers, traders, colonists |
| The Vikings: | Raided/terrorized coastal communities |
| Newfoundland was found by: | Leif Ericsson |
| Favorite Viking target to destroy was: | Monasteries |
| Viking settlements known as: | Norman "Northmen" |
| Norman lord, William, invaded England in what year? | 1066 |
| Vikings defeated Saxons and established power in: | Britain |
| Over time, the Vikings: | Christianized |
| What centered Vikings worldview? | Warriors |
| What was the Norse (Viking) economy based on? | Plunder (taking whatever you want) |
| What were Viking legal assemblies called? | "Tings" |
| What written language did the Vikings have? | "Runic" |
| Henry II was: | Greatest early Norman king in England |
| Henry II married who? | Eleanor of Aquitaine- the previous queen of France |
| France and England became one while: | Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine |
| Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta? | King John |
| Golden Age of Pericles | ??? |
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