— A leader in the Muslim community who is seen as a political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad.

— The land area in southwestern Europe where modern Spain and Portugal are located.

— A family and dynasty that ruled a large Muslim empire after the first caliphs; they helped spread Islam and built important cities.

— A major city in the Iberian Peninsula that became a center of learning, culture, and trade during Muslim rule.

— A close companion of the Prophet Muhammad who became the first caliph (leader) after Muhammad’s death.

— One of the two main branches of Islam; Sunnis believe leaders should be chosen by the community.

— A dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads and made Baghdad their capital; they promoted learning, science, and culture.

— Willingness to accept and respect other people’s beliefs and ways of life, even if they are different from your own.

— The other main branch of Islam; Shia Muslims believe leadership should come from Muhammad’s family, especially Ali and his descendants.

— The capital city founded by the Abbasids that became a famous center for learning, libraries, and scholarship.

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Expansion of Islam

Term	Definition
Caliph	— A leader in the Muslim community who is seen as a political and religious successor to the Prophet Muhammad.
Iberian Peninsula	— The land area in southwestern Europe where modern Spain and Portugal are located.
Umayyads	— A family and dynasty that ruled a large Muslim empire after the first caliphs; they helped spread Islam and built important cities.
Cordoba	— A major city in the Iberian Peninsula that became a center of learning, culture, and trade during Muslim rule.
Abu Bakr	— A close companion of the Prophet Muhammad who became the first caliph (leader) after Muhammad’s death.
Sunni	— One of the two main branches of Islam; Sunnis believe leaders should be chosen by the community.
Abbasids	— A dynasty that overthrew the Umayyads and made Baghdad their capital; they promoted learning, science, and culture.
Tolerance	— Willingness to accept and respect other people’s beliefs and ways of life, even if they are different from your own.
Shia	— The other main branch of Islam; Shia Muslims believe leadership should come from Muhammad’s family, especially Ali and his descendants.
Baghdad	— The capital city founded by the Abbasids that became a famous center for learning, libraries, and scholarship.

Created by: user-1987859

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