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Public Health
Disease Detectives
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the primary focus of the Clinical Approach to health care? | Diagnosis and treatment of illness in individuals. |
| What is the primary focus of the Public Health Approach to health care? | Control and prevent disease in populations or groups of individuals. |
| Public health interventions are aimed at the | Environment, human behavior, lifestyle, and medical care |
| Hippocrates | Attempted to explain disease occurrence from a rational, viewpoint (not illness from divine punishment) ~ 400 B.C. |
| John Graunt | Published a landmark analysis of mortality data (reduces biases) in London in 1662 |
| James Lind | Designed the first experiment using a treated control group in studying scurvy, proving that citrus fruits cure it in the 1740s |
| William Farr | Considered the father of modern vital statistics and surveillance for his work in the 1800s by collecting and analyzing Britain's mortality statistics |
| Robert Koch | Formulated standards (postulates) to identify organisms with infectious diseases in the late 1800s |
| The case-control study design | Major 1950s epidemiological study design that demonstrated the power of case-control studies by linking cigarette smoking and lung cancer |
| The Framingham study | Famous longitudinal study of risk factors for cardiovascular disease initiated in 1949 |
| Longitudinal study of risk factors | Follows the same individuals over an extended period to analyze how certain factors influence health outcomes, development |
| What are the four main components of the Public Health Approach, moving from problem to response? | Surveillance, Risk Factor Identification, Intervention Evaluation, and Implementation. |
| In the Public Health Approach, which step answers the question 'What is the problem?' | Surveillance |
| In the Public Health Approach, which step answers the question 'What is the cause?' | Risk Factor Identification |
| In the Public Health Approach, which step answers the question 'What works?' | Intervention Evaluation |
| In the Public Health Approach, which step answers the question 'How do you do it?' | Implementation |
| What is Determinant (in public health)? | A factor that contributes to the generation of a trait. |
| What is Epidemic or Outbreak? | The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related event clearly in excess of normal expectancy. |
| What is Health Outcome? | A result of a medical condition that directly affects the length or quality of a person's life. |
| Four major categories of health determinants shown in the 'What Determines the Health of a Population?' chart? | Genes and biology, health behaviors, social/societal characteristics (total ecology), and medical care. |
| According to the CDC chart, approximately what percentage of population health is determined by medical care? | About 25%. |
| What are the five Public Health Core Sciences listed in the CDC diagram? | Epidemiology, Surveillance, Informatics, Laboratory, and Prevention Effectiveness. |
| In the Health Impact Pyramid, what tier forms the base and has the largest public health impact? | Socioeconomic Factors |
| Moving up the Health Impact Pyramid, from base to tip, does the required individual effort generally increase or decrease? | It increases. |
| What tier of the Health Impact Pyramid includes interventions like seatbelt laws and smoking restrictions? | Making Healthy Decisions the Default. |
| What is Epidemiology? | The study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. |
| What are the four steps in solving health problems as outlined in the epidemiology section? | Collect Data, Assessment (Inference), Hypothesis testing, and Action (Intervention) |
| Descriptive Epidemiology | Branch of epidemiology involving identifying the time, place, and person involved in a health event and answers the questions who, what, when, and where |
| Analytical Epidemiology | Branch of epidemiology concerned with finding the causes of a health event and answers the questions how and why? |
| In an experimental study... | Investigators can control certain factors from the beginning, such as in a vaccine efficacy trial. |
| In an observational study... | The epidemiologist does not control the circumstances but collects information to characterize a health event or makes comparisons between groups. |
| Endemic | A disease or condition present among a population at all times |
| Pandemic | An epidemic occurring over a very wide area (several countries or continents) and affecting a large proportion of the population. |
| Sporadic (disease) | A disease that occurs infrequently and irregularly. |
| What is the formula for calculating a rate as a percentage? | Rate[%]= (population at risk/number of cases) ×100 |
| What is Proportion | The comparison of a part to the whole, such as the number of cases divided by the total population, which does not have a time dimension. |
| What is Mutualism | Symbiotic relationship between organisms where both organisms benefit |
| What is Commensalism | Where one organism benefits, and the other is not harmed or helped |
| What is Parasitism | Where one organism is helped and the other is harmed |
| What does the 'Natural History of Disease' refer to? | The progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment. |
| What is the Stage of Susceptibility | Where the disease process begins with exposure to or accumulation of factors sufficient for the disease process to start in a susceptible host |
| What is the Stage of Subclinical Disease | Immediately follows the exposure, covering the time until the onset of symptoms |
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