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Repro & genetics 7-8
Repro & genetics 7-
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Genome | total dna |
| Genomics studies | all genes and their interactions |
| SNP | single base change in DNA used as a genetic marker |
| Steps of Genomic selection | 1. estimate SNP effects using reference animals with known phenotypes and genotypes 2. Use SNP effects to predict genomic EBVs in young/test animals |
| Benefits of genomic selection | higher accuracy EBVs selection at birth faster genetic gain |
| Genomic selection for heat tolerance (heat tolerant cows) | lower core temperature higher food intake smaller milk yield reduction better recovery after heat events lower respiration rates |
| PCR basics | amplifies specific DNA sequences: Steps: denaturation annealing (primer binding) extension (taq polymerase) |
| PCR uses | cloning diagnostics genotyping forensics |
| Types of Genetic Defects | lethal detrimental others |
| Lethal genes | a gene that causes death of the individual sometime between conception and old age Frequently cause death and birth or shortly after |
| Detrimental genes | Gene that is harmful to the organism but does not cause death reduces vigour and vitality but does not cause death |
| Other genes | genes that don't cause death or affect performance; they just affect aesthetics |
| CVM- Complex vertebral malformation | genetic defect in frisians that causes aborted foetuses and stillborn calves calves often born stillborn (1-2wks prior to expected calving date) many foetuses aborted earlier in gestation malformed legs with flexed and rigid pasterns |
| DUMPS - Deficiency of Uridine Monophosphate synthase | Affects Frisian's recessive genetic defect that causes a failure in DNA synthesis Characterised by lowered blood activity or the enzyme uridine monophosphate synthase embryos with 2 copies of the gene are lost approx day 40 |
| BLAD- Bovine Leukocyte Adesion Deficiency | autosomal recessive congenital disease bacterial infections, delayed wound healing and stunted growth ulcers, severe periodontitis, teeth loss, chronic pneumonia, diarrhoea affected cattle die early due to infectious complications |
| Pompe's disease | lethal recessive genetic defect death ~6-12 months of age affects shorthorns and brahman breeds lack activity of acidic a-glucosidase excess tissue builds inside muscle and nerve cells progressive muscle weakness |
| Curly calf syndrome (arthrogryposis multiplex) | curly shape of spine when calf is born small size and thin appearance, rigid, hyperextended legs recessive lethal condition found in Angus cattle mutation causes the failure of one of the two genes to produce a critical protein in development |
| Water head (neuropathic hydrocephalus) | cranial cavity filled with fluid and no recognisable brains tissue calves are usually dead or die shortly after birth lethal recessive defect found in Angus cattle |
| Fawn Calf Syndrome | non lethal, some die at or near birth some survive and reproduce muscle contracture of the legs curvature of spine poor muscling |
| Parrot mouth | short lower jaw inherited as a simple recessive traits |
| Hairless calf | Found in Herefords nonlethal genetic defect simple recessive occasionally the hairless lesions may occur in multiple sites |
| Eliminating genetic defects in a feedstock herd | cull offspring with defect cull sires of the offspring with defect replace culled sires with sires that have a clean pedigree |
| Indications defect is genetic | only occurs in certain breeding groups occurs in herds where inbreeding is practiced occurs in more than one season when diets and environment are different occurs at low frequency occurs more frequently in one breed |
| Indications of environmental defect | occurred when diet of the dam was deficient or when she was under other stress defect did not occur again after diet or environment was improved occurred in the same year or season defective offspring occur frequently |
| DNA tests for genetic defects | available for carriers of recessive genes such as colour, polled vshorned etc when exact location of gene is known, tests can detect carriers with 100% accuracy |
| PSS - porcine stress syndrome | includes a group of conditions associated with a recessive gene: acute stress muscle tremors rapid respiration sudden death (15-20mins) rigor mortis 5 mins after death PSE meat |
| Genome editing | making precise changes to DNA (insert, delete, replace) |
| CRISPR-Cas9 System | guide RNA finds target DNA Cas9 cuts DNA cell repairs break with desired change faster and cheaper than other systems |
| Myostatin knockout pigs | MSTN gene edited for double muscling produced via SCNT from edited fibroblasts |
Created by:
sakelleher29
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