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HIST 1753 Quiz 2
Second ottoman empire quiz
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| haramayn | The term for the two holy cities, Mecca and Medina |
| mid-16th century | This is when the harem section is added to the Topkapi palace |
| haseki | favorite concubine who bore a son |
| valide sultan | mother of the reigning sultan |
| sultanate of women | These royal women playing more prominent political role in the concentrated space of the palace |
| authority | The word "sultan" means.. |
| Gelibolu (of Galipoli) Mustafa Ali | -Ottoman intellectual, bureaucrat, author -Served as the defterdar, provincial governor, and administrator -Nurtured a literary career; famous for his works describing 16th century Ottoman high culture and palace intrigue |
| Mamalik-i Mahruse | Well-protected domains (one of the Ottoman names for the empire) |
| Some characteristics of borderlands | -Distant from centers -Sparsely marked -Permeable -Share cultural context/ethos with each other |
| Ottoman-Habsburg borderland—military border (1550s-1881) | group of defense fortresses established by the Habsburgs |
| Ottoman-Iranian borderlands | somewhat stable borderland emerged in 1639 in the Treaty of Qasr-i Shirin that ended Ottoman-Safavid war; more formalized border negotiated in 1820s/1830s |
| Bulwark of Christendom | European and Habsburg tradition of calling the military border this name |
| Dar ul Islam/Dar ul Harb | abode of Islam/abode of war |
| Uskoks | frontiersmen on the Ottoman/Habsburg/Venetian borderlands-Employed by the Habsburgs to man the borderland with Ottomans; motived by fighting the Muslims, while also maintain friendship ties with Muslims across the border and attacking Venetian Christians |
| Ransom slavery | a social phenomenon indicating a shared cultural understanding across the border in which people from one side -> taken to the other side |
| Hayredin Barbarossa | Ottoman admiral in charge of establishing Ottoman rule along North African coast in 1530s |
| Charles V | He was coronated Holy Roman Emperor in Bologna in 1530 |
| Universal Monarchy | ideal of uniting the Mediterranean under one ruler |
| Ottoman ahdnames | peace treaties and agreements with other states, delineating privileges and terms. Framed as unilateral documents but sometimes results of negotiations between both sides |
| Capitulations | commercial treaties with foreign states, conferring privileges to foreign merchants; become politically important in the 19th century |
| Galata | historic neighborhood in Istanbul, home to the non-Muslim communities and a diplomatic hub |
| ambassador / interpreters | Venetian bailo (means this) / and dragomans (means this) |
| 85% | In the 17th century, Anatolia lost up to this % of its population due to crises |
| military, fiscal, climactic | Causes for 17th century crises in Anatolia |
| Celali Rebellions | refers to specific uprisings in eastern Anatolia and northern Syria, but also more generally to the unrest and military activity against the state as well as the peasant population |
| Sekbans and levends | Ottoman irregular soldiers |
| Avariz taxes | extraordinary taxes (in times of war) |
| Little Ice Age (17th century) | manifested as series of draughts (and failed harvests) and abnormally long and cold winters (continued in intervals throughout the century) |
| Early 17th century | This is when the Bosphorous froze |
| Sharia | Islamic jurisprudence; sources of Islamic law go back to the Quran and Hadiths |
| Hadith | collections of sayings about the life of the prophet Muhammad |
| Kanun (sultanic law) | promulgations and rules originating from different sultans (ex. Kanunname) |
| Circle of Justice | -Islamic political philosophy with ancient Middle East roots -Idea that everyone has their place and duties in the world are interconnected -Sultan’s duty is to ensure that the circle is harmonious-tasked with providing justice/ensuring social order |
| Ahl al-Kitab | “people of the book;” refers to Christians and Jews, who, together with the Muslims, share some of the religious scriptural tradition |
| Reaya | tax paying subjects; more generally, subjects of the Empire (lit. meaning flock) |
| Islamic court system | -Presided by kadis/qadis, judges trained in Islamic law -Accessible to everyone, at least in theory |
| Registers of Important Affairs | (muhimme defterleri): records of complaints directed to the palace and central authorities |
| Registers of Complaints | (sikayet defterleri): records of complaints and grievances directed to central authorities, mid-17th to 18th centuries |
| zulum/zulm | Injustice and oppression expressed by the work __ |
| Religion in the 17th century | -Islam in the Ottoman Empire was not a monolith -Various expressions of Islamic faith and diversity of lived Muslim experiences -Clash between different interpretations of Ottoman Islam in the 17th century |
| Alevis/kizilbas (Religious group) | -In Anatolia -Tracing lineage to Ali and medieval Sufi order -Specific practices; don’t follow scriptures |
| Alawis/Nusayris (Religious group) | Communities in present-day Syria and Lebanon |
| Sufism (Sufis/Dervishes) (Religious group) | -Achieving closeness to the divine through mystical practice; inward-oriented -Mystical teachings and practices; sometimes derivating from and sometimes in conversation with the more text/scripture based engagement with religious tradition |
| Kadizadelis | 17th century mosque preachers (followers of Kadizade Mehmed), advocating for Islamic renewal -Opposition to the Sufis (accusations of un-Islamic practices) |
| Bida/innovation | concept in Islamic tradition where practices, beliefs, and institutions not mentioned in the Quran or Sunnah are considered blasphemous or not permissible |
| Dhimmis/zimmis (protected ones) | name for a legal status of non-Muslim subjects in a Muslim state |
| Cizye (Tur.)/jizya (Arab) | tax required from all the non-Muslims |
| Millet system | organization of non-Muslim communities in the Ottoman Empire |
| fetvas(Tur.)/fatwas(Arab) | legal opinions; interpreting problems and conundrums based on sources of Islamic law and interpretative literature. Exist individually and as compilations |
| Mufti | scholar of Islamic law (job is to answer fetvas) |
| nasihatnames | books of advice |
| Decline vs. decentralization | The transformation from a patrimonial state (the power of the state emanating from the sultan’s household) into a “second empire” |
| Timar (early Ottoman tax system) | taxable assets given in exchange for military service, usually cavalry (sipahis) |
| Iltizam (early Ottoman tax system) | tax farming |
| Malikane | life-long tax farm |
| Ayans | provincial notables -Symbol of political and structural changes in the Ottoman Empire -Representatives of the authorities |
| Selim III (1789-1807) | -Best known for early modernizing reforms Nizam-i Cedid/New Order -Focused mostly on reforming the military (recruitment, uniforms, barracks, etc.) -Strong opposition from the janissaries and some of the Ayans |
| The Edirne Incident (1806) | rebellion against the New Order, dethronement and execution of Selim III |
| The Deed of Alliance/Sened-i Ittifak (1808) | formal agreement between Ayan representatives and central government and Mahmud II about mutual support |
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ujhazyl
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