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HCA 130
Common Diseases, Anatomy and Physiology S 1 - 12
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| AC | Before Meals |
| PC | After Meals |
| TID | Three times a day |
| QID | Four times a day |
| BID | Twice a day |
| SOB | Shortness of breath |
| Anatomy | Study of structures of the body |
| Physiology | Study of how the structures of the body works |
| Integumentary | Largest system in the body. (SKIN) |
| What does skin do? | Protect against microbes, sensing, regulating body temperature, and elimination |
| Musculoskeletal | Provides framework, allows movement, and protects organs. e.g. Bones, joints, muscles |
| Different Types of Joints | Ball and socket (shoulder or hips), hinge (elbows or knee), pivot (neck side to side), saddle (thumb), gliding (wrist bones), and condyloid (wrist and knuckles) |
| Central Nervous System (CNS) | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) | Nerves throughout the body |
| Cardiovascular | Made up of blood, heart, and blood vessels |
| Functions of Cardiovascular | Carrying oxygen/nutrients, removing waste, regulating temperature, and defense (WBC). |
| RBC (erthrocytes) | Red blood cells |
| WBC (leukocytes) | White blood cells |
| Platelets (thrombocytes) | Tiny cell fragments in the blood that help it clot by sticking together to stop bleeding. |
| Atria | Receives blood |
| Ventricles | Pump blood |
| Arteries | Carry blood away |
| Veins | Return blood |
| Capillaries | Exchange nutrients/waste |
| Respiratory System | Brings O2 into lungs and removes CO2. Involves inhalation and exhalation. |
| Upper tract of respiratory system | Nose, pharynx, larynx |
| Lower tract of respiratory system | Trachea, bronchi, alveoli |
| Bronchi vs Bronchioles | Bronchi has larger airways. Bronchioles has much smaller branches that come off the bronchi |
| Diaphragm | Muscle drives ventilation |
| Ventilation | Moving air in and out of the lungs |
| Respiration | The gas exchange part happens in alveoli |
| Digestive System | Break down food chemically and physically (digestion) |
| GI Tract | Mouth to large intestine |
| Accessory Organs | Liver, pancreas, gallbladder, salivary glands (saliva) |
| Peristalsis | Wavelike, involuntary smooth-muscle contraction that pushes food forward |
| Mastication | Chewing |
| Urinary System | Removes waste from blood and maintains water/electrolyte balance. |
| Diuresis (Urine Production) | Involves glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion |
| Glomerular Filtration | Filtering the blood |
| Tubular Reabsorbation | Keeping what you need. (water, glucose, and electrolytes) |
| Tubular Secretion | Getting rid of extra waste (wastes, acids, drugs) |
| Nephron | Basic working unit of the kidney, filters blood |
| Ureters | Two thin tubes that carry urine from each kidney down to the bladder |
| Urethra | Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body |
| Male Glands (testes) produces | Testosterone |
| Female Glands (ovaries) | Contains ova and secrete estrogen/progesterone |
| Ovulation | Monthly release of an egg |
| Menstration | Endometrium breaks up and discharge (when no pregnancy) |
| Fertilization | Union of sperm and ovum in the fallopian tube |
| Endocrine System | Made up of glands that secrete chemical messengers called hormones into the blood stream |
| Pituitary Gland | Is the master gland that controls other endocrine glands by releasing stimulating hormones |
| Thyroid | Produces thyroid hormones (T3, T4) |
| Parathyroid | Regulates calcium |
| Adrenal Glands | Small glands on top of the kidneys that release hormones that help your body respond to stress, regulate blood pressure, and balance salt. |
| Pancreas | An organ behind the stomach that controls blood sugar. It releases insulin to lower blood sugar and glucagon to raise it. |
| Gonads(ovaries/testes) | The reproductive glands that make sex hormones and produce eggs or sperm |
| Immune System | Defends the body against internal and external threats (pollens, toxins, bacteria, viruses) |
| Immunity | Protection against disease |
| Active Immunity | Getting sick |
| Passive Immunity | Mother to fetus/infants |
| Antibodies | Attack and destroy unwanted substances in the body |
| Antigen | Abnormal or unwanted substances in the body |
| Phagocytes | Type of WBC that digest and destroy microorganisms and other unwanted substances. Second line of defense |
| Lymphocytes | Type of WBC that produces antibodies |
| Lymphocytes ( B Cells) | Are responsible for causing the production of antibodies and then circulate in the plasma |
| Lymphocytes ( T Cells) | Have the function of destroying invading cells |
| Plasma | Liquid portion of the blood. Composed of 90% water |
| Lympathic System | Maintains fluid balance and transports white blood cells |
| Skin Tear | Break or rip in skin, where epidermis separates from underlying tissue |
| Skin Tear Causes | Friction, shearing, pulling, or bumping |
| Pressure Injury (Ulcer/Bed Sore) | Injury caused by unrelieved pressure, usually over bony prominence |
| Pressure Injury Causes | Pressure, friction, shearing (when skin sticks to a surface), poor circulation, moisture, and irritation from urine/stool |
| Most common cause of accidental injury, especially in older adults | Falls |
| Fractures | Broken bone (closed or open) |
| Hip Fracture | Fracture that are common in older women |
| Contractures | Lack of joint mobility from muscle shortening; fixed position and permanent deformity |
| Arthritis | Joint inflammation |
| Two Main Types of Arthritis | Osteoarthritis (OA) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) |
| Osteoarthritis (OA) | It causes the cartilage within the joints of the body to be worn away, resulting in pain and disfigurement in the joints |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) | Is classifies as an autoimmune disorder, means the immune system does not recognize the connective tissue as "normal" and attacks and destroys it |
| Osteoporosis | Bone becomes porous and brittle, common in older adults/post-menopause. |
| Two Main Types of A Cerebrovascular Stroke (CVA) | Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke |
| Ischemic Stroke | Caused by a blockage (clot) cutting off blood flow |
| Hemorrhagic Stroke | Caused by a blood vessel bursting and bleeding into the brain |
| Stroke | Cardiovascular accident, sudden loss of brain function due to blood clot or vessel rupture. Causes loss of function controlled by the affecting brain area |
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis of one side of the body |
| Aphasia | Loss of speech, loss of ability to speak or understand others |
| Dysphagia | Difficulty swallowing |
| Parkinson's Disease | Progressive neurological disorder with gradual destruction of brain cells; no cure |
| Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease | Tremors (pill-rolling), stiff muscles, mask-like expression, slow movement, stooped posture |
| Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Chronic and progressive disease where immune system attacks the myelin sheath (fatty coating that wraps around nerve fibers) |
| Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) | Symptoms may very widely, including vision loss, fatigue, muscle weakness, and balance issue |
| Spinal Cord Injuries | Paralysis depends on the injury site, higher injury means greater function loss |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of the lower half of the body (legs), spinal cord injury below the chest |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs (arms and legs), spinal cord injury in the neck area |
| Hypertension (HTN) | BP above normal |
| Hypotension | BP below 90/60 mm Hg |
| Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) | Heart cannot pump normally, causing congestion/fluid buildup in tissue |
| What Causes Edema | Right side failure of the heart |
| What Causes Fluid in the Lungs | Left side failure of the heart |
| Dyspnea | Difficulty or trouble breathing, SOB |
| Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) | Thickening and narrowing of artery walls, slowing blood flow to the heart. |
| Atherosclerosis | Buildup of fatty plaques in the arteries that makes them stiff and narrow. |
| Angina Pectoris | Chest pain due to heart muscle laking oxygen, often triggered by exertion |
| Myocardial Infraction (MI) | Heart attack; death of heart tissue due to sudden blood flow interruption |
| Cyanosis | Bluish discolouration of the skin or lips cause by low oxygen |
| Apnea | Temporary stopping of breathing |
| Orthopnea | SOB that occurs when lying in a flat or supine position |
| Hyperventilation | Breathing too fast or too deep |
| Hypoventilation | Breathing too slow or too shallow |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) | Persistent lung disorder that blocks the airways, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. |
| Pneumonia | Infection where alveoli fill with pus/mucus, impairing O2/CO2 exchange. |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Bacterial infection, transmitted by infected droplets |
| Emesis | Vomiting |
| Vomiting (emesis) | Expelling stomach contents; risk of aspiration |
| Diarrhea | Frequent passage of liquid stools; major risk of dehydration |
| Dehydration | Fluid output exceeds intake |
| Constipation | Less frequent BM, hard/dry stool. |
| Celiac Disease | Inability to tolerate gluten protein |
| Hepatitis | Inflammation of the liver, often communicable |
| Hepatitis A | Spreads through contaminated food or water (feces from an infected person) |
| Hepatitis B and C | Spread through contact with infected blood, sexual fluids, or sharing needles. |
| Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) | Microbes enter through the urethra |
| Renal Failure (Acute/Chronic) | Kidney function severely impaired; waste products not remove |
| Renal Calculi | Kidney stone |
| Diverticulum | It’s a small pouch or pocket that forms in the wall of the intestine, usually the large intestine |
| Diverticulitis | When these pouches become inflamed or infected |
| Diabetes | Body cannot produce or use insulin properly, causing high blood sugar |
| Hyperglycemia | High blood sugar |
| Hypoglycemia | Low blood sugar |
| Types 1 Diabetes | Pancreas fails to produce insulin, autoimmune disorder |
| Types 2 Diabetes | Linked to family history (genetics) and lifestyle choices like poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity, pancreas does not produce enough insulin |
| Hyperthyroidism | Overactive thyroid (speeding up body processes) |
| Hypothyroidism | Underactive thyroid (slowing down body processes) |
| Cancer | Group of diseases with out-of-control cell division. Tumors are benign or malignant (cancerous) |
| Benign Tumor | Non cancerous, grows slowly, doesn't spread |
| Malignant tumor | Cancerous, can grow fast and spread to other parts of the body. |
| Metastasis | Is the spread of cancer |
| Chemotherapy | Is a treatment that uses drugs to stop or kill fast-dividing cancer cells. |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | A virus that attacks the body’s immune system, making it unable to fight off certain infections |
| Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) | Final stage of HIV, a disease of the immune system |
| Communicable Diseases | Caused by microbes that spread easily, can spread from one person to another |
| What illnesses are communicable disease | MRSA, VRE, C. difficile, Influenza, COVID-19, Hepatits, TB |
| Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) | Bacteria resistant to many antibiotics; spreads easily in healthcare settings. |
| Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) | Bacteria resistant to vancomycin; causes infections in weak immune systems. |
| C. difficile (Clostridium difficile ) | Bacteria causing severe diarrhea and abdominal cramping after antibiotic use. |
| Influenza | Viral infection causing fever, cough, and body aches. |
| COVID-19 | Respiratory virus that spreads easily and affects breathing. |
| Autoimmune Disorders | Immune system attacks the body's own healthy cells/tissues |
| Hyperglycemia Signs and Symptoms | Thirst, Frequent urination, Blurry vision, Fatigue, Dry mouth/hunger |
| Hypoglycemia Signs and Symptoms | Shaky, Sweaty, Dizzy, Hungry, Irritable, Confusion, Weakness |
| Cystitis | Inflammation of the bladder |
| Pyelonephritis | Inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis due to bacterial infection |
| Oliguria | Scant Urine |
| Dysuria | Difficult or painful urination |
| Hematuria | Blood in the urine |
| Hashimoto’s Disease | Antibodies react against proteins in the thyroid gland, causing the gradual destruction of the gland |
| Graves' Disease | Autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the thyroid gland, resulting in a hyperthyroid condition. |
| Lupus Disease | Autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks the body’s own tissues, causing inflammation in organs and joints. |
| Medical terms are composed parts of what language | Greek and Latin |
| BM, bm | Bowel movement |
| CA | Cancer |
| c/o | Complains of |
| Dc, d/c | Discontinue (NEVER used for “discharge”) |
| Dx | Diagnosis |
| FBS | Fasting blood sugar |
| GI | Gastrointestinal (Digestive System) |
| V/S (vs) | Vital signs |
| ROM | Range of motion |
| QHS | Every night at bedtime |
| PRN | When necessary; as needed |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) | This system controls involuntary muscles and certain body functions that occur "automatically" |
| What Does Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) controls? | Heartbeat, BP, Intestinal Contractions, and Glandular Secretion |
| What two division is ANS in that balances each other? | Sympathetic Nervous System and Parasympathetic Nervous System |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | This system is responsible for the "flight or fight" response |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | This system is responsible for maintaining the body's normal or "relaxed" condition with respect to body function |
| Cranial Nerves (Peripheral Nervous System Component) | This nerve conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, chest, and abdomen |
| Conduct impulses between the brain and the head, neck, chest, and abdomen | Cranial Nerves |
| The Vagus Nerve | Is the only cranial nerve that has extensive association with the entire body |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) | This is a chronic acid reflux disorder where stomach acid comes up into the esophagus. |
| Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Symptoms | Heartburn, Bad Breath, Belching, Pain when Swallowing |
| What Are The 3 Layers of The Heart? | Pericardium, Myocardium, Endocardium |
| What Is The Pericardium? | Outer layer, thin sac surrounding the heart |
| What Is The Myocardium? | Second layer, thin sac surrounding the heart that forms a fluid-filled space around the heart called the pericardial space |
| What Is The Endocardium? | Inner layer, membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart |
| Homeostasis | A steady state or stable internal environment maintained when all of the organ systems in the human body work together |
| Circulatory system | Moves blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. |
| Osteom Yelitis | A bone infection caused by bacteria (sometimes fungi) that can reach the bone through the bloodstream, an open wound, or surgery |
| What Is Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Also Known For? | Lou Gehrig's Disease |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) | A disease that slowly destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord, causing muscle weakness and paralysis. |
| Bolus | When food is swallowed |
| Chyme | Partially digested food in the stomach |
| Diastole | Resting/filling |
| Systole | Working/pumping |
| 3 Layers of The Skin | Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous Fatty Tissue |
| Sclera | The white of the eye, is the outer layer, and is made of tough connective tissue. |
| Choroid | The second layer of the eye that’s full of blood vessels and feeds oxygen and nutrients to the retina. |
| Retina | The light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye that captures images and sends them to the brain so you can see. |
| Cornea | The clear, curved front part of the eye that lets light in and helps focus it. |
| Aqueous Chamber | The fluid-filled space at the front of the eye (between the cornea and lens) that helps maintain eye pressure and keeps the front structures nourished. |
| What Are The Three Ossicles | Malleus, Incus, Stapes |
| What Does The Ossicles Do? | Amplify sound received from the eardrum and transmit the sound to the inner ear |
| Cerumen | Glands in the auditory canal secrete a waxy substance |
| Five Types Of Bones | Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, and Sesamoid |
| What Is A Joint? | The point at which two or more bones meet |
| Voluntary Muscles | Can be consciously controlled |
| Involuntary muscles | Work automatically you cannot control them |
| What Are Cardiac Muscle Functions? | Movement of body parts, maintenance of posture, production of body heat |
| Hamstring Group | Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus |
| Deltoid | Triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint |
| Quadriceps Femoris Group | Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medialis |
| Pectoralis Major | A large chest muscle that helps move the arm across the body and rotate it inward |
| Triceps Brachii | The muscle on the back of the upper arm that straightens (extends) the elbow |
| Gluteus Medius | Muscle at the top side of the buttocks that lifts the leg to the side |
| Gluteus Maximus | The largest buttock muscle that helps extend and rotate the thigh |
| Achilles Tendon (Calcaneal Tendon) | The strong tendon at the back of the ankle that connects the calf muscles to the heel bone |
| Three Main Parts Of The Brain | Cerebellum, Cerebrum, Brainstem |
| Cerebellum | Part of the brain that controls balance, coordination, and movement |
| Cerebrum | The largest part of the brain that controls thinking, memory, and voluntary movement |
| Brainstem | The part of the brain that controls basic life functions like breathing and heartbeat |
| Cerebral Cortex | The outer layer of the cerebrum where most complex brain functions (like thinking and problem-solving) happen |
| Has 12 pairs of cranial nerves and 31 pairs of spinal nerves | Peripheral Nervous System |
| Aorta | The largest artery |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | D, E, A, and K |
| Cardiac Sphincter | A muscle at the junction of the esophagus and stomach that prevents stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus |
| Bile | A digestive juice produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder |
| Three Parts of Small Intestine | Duodeum, Jejunum, Ileum |
| Meatus | Urine passes from the body |
| Average urine output | 1,500 in 24 hours |
| Scrotum | A sac which contains the testes, made of skin and muscle |
| Mons Pubisis | A rounded, fatty pad over a bone called the symphysis pubis |
| Labia Majora And Labia Minora | Are two folds of tissue on each side of the vaginal opening |
| Bony Prominence | An area where a bone is close to the skin’s surface, such as the elbows, heels, hips, or ankles |
| Contractures | The lack of joint mobility caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle, can form in as little as 48 to 72 hours |
| Gout (Metabolic Arthritis) | Caused by an accumulation of uric acid in the cartilage of a joint, especially the tendons |
| Fibromyalgia | Condition associated with aching, stiffness and fatigue in muscles, ligaments, and tendons |
| Syncope | A brief loss of consciousness caused by a temporary drop in blood flow to the brain (fainting) |
| Orthostatic Hypotension | A sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up from sitting or lying down, causing dizziness or fainting-*+- |
| Thrombus | Is a blood clot |
| Embolus | A travelling blood clot |
| Arrhythmias | Abnormal heart rhythms, may skip a beat or have extra beats |
| Emphysema | A chronic lung disease where the air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs are damaged, causing difficulty in breathing and poor oxygen exchange |
| Epinephrine | A hormone that increases heart rate and energy during stress (“fight-or-flight” response) |
| Norepinephrine | A hormone that increases alertness and raises blood pressure during stress |
| Pulmonary Artery | Heart to Lungs |
| Pulmonary Veins | Lungs to Heart |
| Alimentary Canal | The long tube through which food passes in the body, from the mouth to the anus, including the esophagus, stomach, and intestines |
| Pleura | Lung covering + chest lining that helps breathing happen smoothly |
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