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WEEK 6:
Skeletal Muscle:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| skeletal muscle location | attached to bones (tendons) |
| skeletal muscle function | movement |
| skeletal muscle control + striation | voluntary + striated |
| cardiac muscle location | heart |
| cardiac muscle function | beating of heart |
| cardiac muscle control + striation | involuntary + striated |
| smooth muscle location | hollow organs + blood vessels |
| smooth muscle function | movement of internal organs |
| smooth muscle control + striation | involuntary + non-striated |
| contraction speed (fastest to slowest) | skeletal, cardiac, smooth |
| thin filament | actin |
| thick filament | myosin |
| russian nesting doll structure of skeletal muscle | filament -> fibre -> fascicle |
| what makes up myofibril | filaments |
| sarcomere | basic unit of contraction containing actin + myosin |
| A band | contains both actin + myosin |
| I band | contains actin only |
| M line | |
| Z line | |
| what happens to sarcomere where AP occurs | contraction - myosin filaments use ATP to move along actin filaments + actin moves closer to center, decreasing I band + decreasing sarcomere length |
| size of I band and sarcomere during contraction | decrease size of I band + decrease length of sarcomere |
| sarcolemma | muscle fibre membrane |
| desmin fibres | non myofibrillar cytoskeleton (provides strong links to basement membrane + CT at each Z disc) |
| how is force of contraction spread | longitudinally + laterally into collagenous tissue |
| dystrophin | part of protein complex connecting cytoskeleton of muscle fibre to surrounding ECM through cell membrane |
| DMD (Duchenne muscular dystrophy) | mutation in dystrophin |
| endomysium | loose connective tissue surrounding muscle fibres containing strong + delicate fibres + connect to basement membrane |
| perimysium | (mixed) loose + dense connective tissue surrounding fascicles with nerves + blood vessels |
| epimysium | loose connective tissue between fascia + muscle body |
| order of connective tissue | endomysium -> perimysium -> epimysium |
| fascia | dense layer of connective tissue covering muscle |
| fusiform muscle | fascicles + fibres aligned |
| unipennate muscle | |
| bipennate muscle | |
| multipennate muscle | |
| quadrate muscle | neatly arranged flat fibres - sheet |
| flat muscle with aponeurosis (A) | required for attachment in large area |
| physiological cross section | perpendicular to fibres (indicates maximum muscle force) |
| anatomical cross section | perpendicular to muscle space occupied |
| extensor hallucis longus muscle | |
| rectus femoris muscle | |
| biceps brachii muscle | |
| control of contraction in skeletal muscle | |
| mechanism of contraction in skeletal muscle | |
| motor unit | motor neuron + muscle fibres it innervates |
| size of motor unit | |
| small motor units | |
| golgi tendon organ | negative feedback mechanism that protects muscle + connective tissue from injury |
| how does the golgi tendon organ work | |
| fibre types (myosin isoforms) | type I, IIa, IIx |
| type I myosin isoforms | more mitochondria so higher oxidative capacity |
| type IIa myosin isoforms | higher glycolytic capacity (produce more lactate) |
| type IIX myosin isoforms | slightly higher glycolytic capacity than type IIa |
| oxidative capacity meaning | more mitochondria |
| glycolytic capacity meaning | produce lactate |
| the higher the recruitment of fibre type | the stronger the muscle contraction will be |
| motor unit recruitment | |
| during fast movement, what fibre units are recruited first | small (type I) |
| order of fibre units recruited as force increases (size principle) | small (type I) -> larger (type II) -> IIX last |
| can you activate all motor units | difficult for untrained person to |
| activation of heart cells | pacemaker region in RA that depolarises + repolarises in rhythm + conduction system made of purkinje cells |
| purkinje cells | |
| purkinje fibres | |
| Bergstrom needle muscle biopsy | |
| fibre atrophy | lack of muscle activity (decreases myofibre size with more type Is) |
| satellite cells | alongside fibro/adipogenic progenitors (FAPs)- |
Created by:
kablooey
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