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WEEK 6:
Introduction of nervous system:
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| function of nervous system | sensation, integration (processing information), motor function |
| somatic nervous system is split into | somatic sensation and somatomotor function |
| somatic sensation | signals sensory organ (pressure applied on skin) |
| somatomotor function | signals motor organ (causes motion eg move arm away from fire) |
| visceral nervous system is split into | visceral sensitivity and visceromotor function |
| visceral sensitivity | signals to sensory system (change blood pressure) |
| visceromotor function | signals rhythm generation for heart (change heart rate) |
| CNS composition and location | brain + spinal cord in cranial cavity + spinal cavity |
| PNS composition and location | nerve fibres (cranial + spinal) + ganglia outside CNS |
| CNS function | process sensory information + carry out motor response |
| PNS function | conduct impulses to and from CNS (afferently + efferently) + with synapses + ganglia containing nerve cell bodies |
| afferent | towards CNS |
| efferent | away CNS |
| visceral | organ related |
| somatic afferent | body wall related |
| somatic (voluntary) efferent | skeletal muscles +movement |
| autonomic | controls involuntary functions split into parasympathetic + sympathetic |
| parasympathetic | rest and digest |
| sympathetic | fight or flight |
| enteric | in the GI tract controlling digestion |
| 2 types of cells in neural tissue | nerve cells (neurons) + supporting cells (neuroglia) |
| nerve cells (neurons) | functional - specialised to receive stimuli + conduct electrical impulses |
| supporting cells/ neuroglial cells | supporting - non conducting cells close to neurons split into central neuroglia + peripheral neuroglia |
| central neuroglia | oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells |
| peripheral neuroglia | schwann cells + satellite cells |
| multipolar neuron | one axon + 2 or more dendrites |
| bipolar neuron | one axon + one dendrite |
| pseudounipolar (unipolar) neuron | axon that divides close to cell body into 2 long branches |
| example of pseudounipolar neuron | sensory neurons located close to CNS eg dorsal root ganglia/ cranial nerve ganglia |
| axon hillock | site of action potential generation |
| satellite cells | surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia, regulate O2 CO2 nutrient and neurotransmitter levels around neurons in ganglia |
| schwann cells | surround axons in PNS (myelination), used for repair process after injury |
| oligodendrocytes | myelinate CNS axons, provide structural framework |
| astrocytes | maintain blood-brain barrier, provide structural support, regulate ion + nutrient concentrations, absorb and recycle neurotransmitters, form scar tissue after injury |
| microglia | remove cell debris + waste + pathogens via phagocytosis |
| ependymal cells | line brain ventricles + central canal in spinal cord, assist in production + monitoring of CSF |
| peripheral nerve | bundle of nerve fibres + schwann cells held together by CT connecting CNS to limbs/organs for movement + sensation |
| PNS nerve fibres are held together by what | three connective tissues- endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium |
| endoneurium | loose CT surrounding individual axons |
| perineurium | specialised CT surrounding nerve fascicle |
| epineurium | dense irregular CT surrounding + binding nerve fibres into bundle |
| peripheral nerve cell body location | motor neurons have cell body in CNS + sensory neurons have cell bodies outside CNS in ganglia |
| peripheral nerves within CNS | motor neuron axons travel out CNS through peripheral nerves to skeletal muscles (CNS -> effector) |
| peripheral nerves outside CNS | found in peripheral ganglia containing sensory neuron cell bodies (somatic + visceral) where receptor sends signal to ganglia to the CNS (stimuli -> CNS) |
| connective tissue membrane around brain + spinal cord | dura matter, arachnoid layer, pia mater |
| dura mater | outermost (thick sheet of dense CT) |
| arachnoid layer | middle layer (loose CT + elongated fibroblasts) |
| pia mater | inner layer (on surface of brain cortex + spinal cord) - delicate CT layer |
| white matter CNS | nerve cell axons + associated glial cells + blood vessels |
| grey matter CNS | neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, initial unmyelinated portions of axons + glial cells |
| describe grey + white matter in brain | outer = grey, inner = white |
| describe grey + white matter in spinal cord | inner = grey, outer = white |
| nervous system can be split into | CNS + PNS |
| the PNS can be split into | efferent (motor) and afferent (sensory) |
| the efferent (motor) can be split into | autonomic and somatic (voluntary) |
| the afferent (sensory) can be split into | somatic and visceral |
| autonomic nervous system can be split into | parasympathetic + sympathetic + enteric |
| histology of peripheral nerve | myelin = dark ring surrounding axon |
| histology of nerve ganglion | satellite cells have small nuclei at edge of cell bodies |
| grey matter astrocytes | protoplasmic astrocytes |
| white matter astrocytes | fibrous astrocytes |
| order of connective tissues holding nerve tissues from smallest to largest | endoneurium, perineurium, epineurium |
| anatomical nerve | collection of axons and/or dendrites together+ ensheathed into fascicles held by CT |
Created by:
kablooey
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