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Judaism
Religions Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Magen David - Star of David | Prominent on the flag of Israel |
| Menorah | Candelabra with either 7 (King David Menorah) candles or 9 (Hannukah Menorah) candles |
| Seder Plate | Used on Passover rituals |
| Shofar | Ram's horn; Sounded on festive occasions such as Rosh Hashanah and when the fast is broken on Yom Kippur. |
| Torah Scroll | Contains sacred writings and the 613 mitzvoh (teachings). |
| Mezuhah | Small container with Bible verses located on the doorways of Jewish homes (or rooms). Reminder of God |
| Yarmulke (Yarmulkah) or Kippah | Skull cap worn by Jewish men in prayer to remind them of God above |
| Tallit | Jewish prayer shawl |
| Tefillin | Black boxes filled with scripture verses; Attached to black straps; Worn about the arm and head; Keeps God close to head and heart |
| Chuppah | Wedding Canopy: Symbol of the Garden of Eden… and the new home |
| Yad | Pointer for reading the Torah |
| Matzo(h) or Matza(h) | Unleavened (flat) bread; Passover symbol of the escape from Egypt. |
| Kosher Certification | Used on food products and packaging to inform Jewish consumers of the Kosher status of the food. |
| Challah | Braided bread used in the Sabbath meal |
| Covenant | The agreement established between God and the ancient Israelites, first through Abraham and later through Moses, that designates the Jews as God's chosen People w/ special rights & responsibilities |
| Shema (means "hear" in Hebrew) | From Deuteronomy 6:4, Judaism's most basic theological statement: "Hear, O Israel! The Lord is our God, the Lord alone" (Tanakh) |
| Torah (means "instruction in Hebrew) | Generally, the revelation of God's will to the people; Specifically, the divine Law as contained in the first five books of the Bible; contains 613 specific laws |
| Tanakh | A common way of referring to the Hebrew Bible, derived from the 1st letters of the Hebrew names of its 3 sections: Torah (T), Prophets (N), and Writings (K) |
| Rabbi (means "my teacher" in Hebrew) | A teacher of Torah and leader of Jewish worship |
| Mishnah | Part of "oral Torah"; Written down in AD 200; Contains collected teachings of the rabbis preceding 4 centuries; Along w/ the Talmud, its the most important text of the oral Torah |
| Talmud (means "study" & "knowledge" in Hebrew) | The vast depository of oral Torah, based on the Mishnah withing extensive rabbinic commentary on each chapter; two versions: Palestinian and Babylonian |
| Diaspora (means "dispersion" in Greek) | The situation of Jews living away from their ancestral homeland, a circumstance that has been true for most Jews since the classical period |
| Kabblah | Jewish mysticism, which teaches that God can best be known through the heart; developed mainly in the medieval period with texts like the Zohar |
| Hasidism (means "pious" in Hebrew) | A form of Judaism that arose in eastern Europe in the 18th century & that emphasizes mysticism, a personal relationship with God, a close-knit community, and the leadership of the zaddik, a charismatic holy man |
| Zionism | Originally, the movement arising in the late 19th century that sought to re-establish a Jewish homeland; Since 1948, the general support of the State of Israel |
| Anti-Semintism | Hostility toward Jews & Judaism; Ranges from attitudes of disfavor to active persecution |
| Holocaust | The persecution of Jews by German Nazis from 1933 - 1945, resulting in the murder of 6 million; Commonly referred to by Jews as Shoah (means "mass destruction" in Hebrew) |
| Sabbath (Shabbat in Hebrew) | The day from sunset on Friday until sunset on Saturday that is set aside for rest and religious celebration as decreed by one of the Ten Commandments (observed on Sunday by some Reform Jews) |
| Rosh Hashanah (means "the beginning of the year" in Hebrew) | The festival occurring in early fall in commemoration of the new year |
| Yom Kippur (means "day of atonement" in Hebrew) | Judaism's most important holiday, occurring in the fall on the 10th day of the new year; Spent at synagogue services in prayer for forgiveness of sins & marked by fasting |
| Passover | The 8-day festival in early spring that commemorates the Exodus of the Jews from Egypt |
| Bar/Bat Mitzvah (means "son/daughter of the commandment" in Hebew) | The ritual celebration marking the coming of age of a Jewish child, at which time the person takes on the religious responsibilities of an adult |
| What are the Books of the Torah? | Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy |
| Who is Abraham? | The foundational patriarch who is considered as the first monotheist that established the covenant with God; Was originally Abram |
| Who is Sarah? | The wide of Abraham who gave birth to Isaac despite her hold age; Was originally Sarai |
| Isacc | The promised son of Abraham and Sarah that God promised them; Was a crucial link in the lineage of the Jewish people |
| Who are the Chosen People? | The Jews, as they were chosen to carry serious responsibilities in the name of God |
| What is God's name? | God's personal name is YHWH, but it's considered to holy to say out loud, so it's often replaced with "The Lord" |
| What is the Pentateuch? | Another name for the Torah; Greek word that translates to "five books" |
| What is the TaNaKh? | The Hebrew Bible, which consists of three major parts: Torah, Prophets, and the Writings |
| What is the time period of classical Judaism? | The end of 5th century AD to the 7th century |
| What is the time period of medieval Judaism? | The 8th century to the middle of the 18th century |
| What is the center of each Hasidic community? | The leadership of the zaddik, a holy man who is believed to have an especially close relationship with God |
| What year was Israel established? | 1948 |
| What are the three divisions in modern Judaism? | Orthodox; Conservative; Reform |
| What are some characteristics of Orthodox Judaism? | Torah/Talmud are standard of Truth, and society to conform to these teachings |
| What are some characteristics of Conservative Judaism? | middle position between Reform and Orthodox; somewhat open to change, but still strict in observing some practices |
| What are some characteristics of Reform Judaism? | believe being Jewish and being completely involved in society are compatible; Judaism must change with society |
| Temple | central, permanent place of worship in ancient Jerusalem, has yet to be restored since their exile (after Jewish War); destroyed in AD 70 |
| Western/Wailing Wall | last remnant of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem, name comes from historical custom of Jews lamenting the destruction of the Temple at the site |
| Prayer | predominant form of daily worship; mandatory for males 13+; said 3 times daily |
| Synagogue | building for Jewish worship |
| Ark | The box in synagogues that holds the scrolls of the Torah |
| Hanukkah | "Festival of Lights"; An 8-day holiday commemorating the rededication of the 2nd temple in Jerusalem |
| Circumcision (Brit Milah) | removal of the foreskin of boys; serves as a mark of the Covanent |
| What is the naming ritual for boys and girls? | Boys: named on the 8th day of life ay home; Girls: named at the synagogue during Sabbath |
| What is the marriage ritual? | Couple stands below Chuppah, seven blessings are read over a cup of wine, and the groom breaks a wine glass beneath his foot |
| What is the death/mourning ritual? | Multiple stages of mourning: 1. From death to burial 2. Sitting Shiva 3. Until 30 days after the burial |
| What is sitting shiva? | The second stage of mourning; seven-day mourning period that follows a burial, where the recite the kaddish (prayer of mourning) and visitors come to pay their respects |
| Kashrut | The body of Jewish law about food and how it's prepared |
| Kosher | A more common word for Kashrut |
| Treif | Food that isn't Kosher |
| Pareve | Neutral, food that's neither meat or milk; Like fruits/veggies |
| What two conditions must a mammal have to be kosher? | 1. Have cloven hooves: hoof is divided in half 2. Chew its cud: partially digest its food, regurgitate it, and chew it again |
| Examples of kosher mammals | Cattle, sheep, goats, deer, bison |
| Examples of non-kosher mammals | Camel, rock badger, hare, pig |
| What two conditions must seafood have to be kosher? | Must have fins and scales |
| Examples of Treif seafood | shellfish |
| What birds are kosher? | chicken, geese, ducks, turkeys |
| What birds are trief? | Birds of prey and scavengers |
| What is shechitah? | Ritual slaughter that is quick and painless (as humane as possible) |
| Shochet | Butcher who performs the shechitah |
| What is the kosher rule about blood? | Blood must be drained within 24 hours |
| What are the kosher rules about fruits/veggies? | All fruits/veggies are kosher; No insects allowed in them and wines must be made by Jews |
| What two products must be separated? | Meat and dairy |
| Hekhsher | Kashrut certification that identifies the rabbi/organization that certified that the product was kosher |
| What is Rabbi's role in Kashrut? | To oversee the process of food preparation (doesn't bless the food) |
| What percentages in US and Israel keep Kosher? | 21% in US; 75% in Israel |
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