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WEEK 4:
Building Bodies 1: Cells to Tissues
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| covering epithelium | outside |
| lining epithelium | inside |
| what separates epithelium from surrounding tissue | basement membrane |
| functions of epithelium | protect underlying tissue, separate areas, hold tissues together, thermoregulation, hormone release, absorption |
| epithelia | on surfaces |
| endothelium | lining blood vessels |
| mesothelium | lining body cavities |
| simple squamous epithelium | thin layer (small intracellular volume) of flattened cells used to exchange functions (gases + chemicals) eg alveoli + blood vessels lining |
| simple cuboidal epithelium | has larger intracellular volume for greater contents, absorption + secretion, secretory glands (sweat + sebaceous) eg renal tubules |
| simple columnar epithelium | has large intracellular volume, potential for energy reserves + high organelle density, motility, absorption + processing |
| pseudo-stratified epithelium | appear stratified but all cells contact basement membrane, nuclei found at different layers eg respiratory tract |
| stratified squamous epithelium | several layers (top = flattened cells), found in areas of wear + tear eg oesophagus + skin |
| transitional epithelium | stretchy + waterproof allowing cell distension + return to original shape eg bladder |
| basement membrane | sheets of ECM between epithelium + connective tissue, made of type IV collagen, glycoproteins (laminin from epithelial cells + fibronectin from fibroblasts) + glycosaminoglycans ,CAGs |
| function of basement membrane | barrier (permeability), organisation of cells, adhesion + anchor epithelia |
| what happens to basement membrane during metastatic carcinoma (malignant melanoma) | cancer cells must pass basement membrane to invade underlying tissue |
| epidermolysis bullosa | separation of epidermis + dermis (blistering), where laminin/ type VII collagen mutations cause skin to separate within basement membrane's lamina lucida |
| what happens to basement membrane in kidney in chronic hyperglycemia | (1- thickening GBM: more production + deposition of ECM proteins eg type IV collagen) (2- more permeability: changes GBMs selective property so proteins pass into urine) |
| more secretion needs | folded epithelium + more glands |
| how does columnar epithelium increase secretion | secretes enzymes |
| cuboidal epithelium to increase secretion | increase ducts |
| shapes of gland | tubular, acinar, mixed, or single cell- which is either simple (not branched)/ compound (branched) |
| tubular shape | tubes |
| acinar shape | round |
| example of a gland that is just a single cell | goblet cells in GI tract |
| carcinoma | cancer from epithelial cells |
| adrenocarcinoma | cancer in glands |
| exocrine glands | secrete products directly onto epithelial surface via ducts for local action |
| endocrine glands | secretions released directly into blood to act on different tissues |
| connective tissues | supporting tissue made from mesoderm with a matrix (95%) + cells (5%) |
| ECM composition | fibres (collagen + elastin) + ground substance (glycoproteins + glycosaminoglycans) |
| cells in connective tissue | fibroblast (secretes ECM for most tissues) + specialised cells (produce matrix for specific tissues) |
| fibres in connective tissue | (1- collagen: long straight unbranched protein providing strength + support) (2- elastic: branched wavy, contain elastin for elasticity) (3- reticular: thinner + branched, same protein as collagen) |
| collagen fibres | long straight unbranched protein providing strength + support |
| elastin fibres | branched wavy + contain elastin providing elasticity, requiring fibrillin for assembly, polymerised from tropoelastin |
| reticular fibres | thinner + branched with the same protein subunits as collagen |
| type I collagen | forms fibres in most connective tissues eg bone |
| type II collagen | forms fibres which are less organised than type I eg cartilage |
| type III collagen | form fibres which are thinner than type I + make up reticulin fibres in organs + help organise cells in organs |
| type IV collagen | form branched network + help organise basement membrane |
| structural glycoprotein example | fibrillin, fibronectin, laminin |
| laminin | in basement membrane |
| fibronectin | deposition + arrangement of collagen fibres + connects them to cells via integrin |
| fibrillin | links to elastin, microfibrils |
| glycosaminoglycan | are polysaccharide chains attracting water |
| 4 groups of CAGs | chondroitin sulfate, heparan sulfate, hyaluronan, keratan sulfate |
| types of connective tissue proper | loose (loosely packed fibres) + dense (densely packed fibres) |
| types of fluid connective tissues | blood+ lymph |
| types of supporting connective tissues | cartilage (solid, rubbery matrix) + bone (solid, crystalline matrix) |
| types of dense connective tissue proper | regular and irregular |
| loose connective tissue needed for | packing material |
| dense connective tissue needed for | physical support |
| areolar connective tissue | stores fat |
| specialised support connective tissue needed for | cartilage + bone |
| metabolic connective tissue needed for | adipose tissue |
| immune connective tissue needed for | containing immune cells for repair |
| mechanical + structural role connective tissue needed for | carry blood + lymph vessels |
| exchange tissue mediating exchange system | exchange nutrients, waste products, metabolites from tissue + to tissues |
| name a protective epithelium type + why | stratified squamous epithelium - multiple layers ideal for abrasion areas + outer layers can be replaced |
| name a secretory/absorptive epithelium type + why | simple columnar epithelium/ simple cuboidal epithelium - as tall cube shape provide space for organelles involved |
| name a epithelium type that stretches a lot + why | transitional epithelium - stretch + recoil without damage so organs can expand + contract |
| name a epithelium type that facilitates diffusion + why | simple squamous epithelium - have thin + flat cells |
| chronic hyperglycemia in the kidney affects the basement membrane and eventually leads to what | reduced glomerular filtration, scarring (glomerulosclerosis) leading to chronic kidney disease + renal failure |
| type V collagen | found in small amounts in tissues (skin + bone) often working with type I to regulate diameter + organisation of collagen fibrils |
| collagen fibrils | small structures making fibres |
| dense regular connective tissue | provide strength in one direction eg tendons + ligaments |
| dense irregular connective tissue | provides strength in multiple directions eg skin dermis + organ coverings |
| properties of dense connective tissue | a lot of collagen = strong |
| properties of loose connective tissue | more ground substance + fewer fibres = flexible |
| properties of adipose tissue | adipocytes = store energy + insulates |
| properties of cartilage | a lot of ground substance + collagen = firm + flexible |
| properties of bone | mineralised matrix with collagen = supportive + firm |
| histological stained connective tissue appearance | pale pink |
| histological stained epithelium appearance | purple |
| why is epithelium purple and connective tissue pink | because epithelium = densely packed + less extracellular space = more closely stained nuclei than connective tissue AND connective tissue has more positive proteins (collagen) which are stained pink |
| collagen synthesis - where are peptide chains made | procollagen peptide chains made on ribosomes on RER then secreted into lumen |
| collagen synthesis - procollagen is hydroxylated by what | procollagen hydroxylated by proline + lysine + glycated |
| collagen synthesis - folding | procollagen chain association + triple helix formation, then secreted into extracellular space |
| collagen synthesis - cleavage | N+C propeptides cleaved |
| collagen synthesis - assmebly | collagen molecules assemble into fibrils via covalent bonds |
Created by:
kablooey
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