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WEEK 2:
health inequalities
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| determinants of non-communicable disease | chronic diseases, biological/metabolic risk factors, behavioural risk factors, social/environmental, global influences |
| chronic diseases as a determinant of nc disease | eg cardiovascular disease |
| biological/ metabolic risk factors as a determinant of nc disease | modifiable (overweight) + non-modifiable (age + race) |
| behavioural risk factors as a determinant of nc disease and health inequalities | tobacco use, unhealthy diet, smoking |
| social/ environmental determinants as a determinant of nc disease and health inequalities | social, economic, political conditions eg air + water quality or increased access to fast food |
| global influence as a determinant of nc disease | globalisation, urbanisation, technology + migration |
| health inequalities | differences in health status/ distribution of health determinants between different populations |
| health inequities | avoidable inequalities in health between groups of people within countries + between countries |
| how can health inequalities be measured | health outcomes eg life expectancy, risk factors eg tobacco, health service use eg screening |
| what groups can be looked at when measuring health inequalities | social class, ethnic groups, genders, geographical areas |
| what study designs can be used for measuring health inequalities | cross sectional, cohort, ecological studies |
| cross sectional study | population at one point in time |
| cohort studies | population over time |
| ecological studies | compare areas |
| how does IMD work | measures relative deprivation for small areas in small deciles/ quintiles by combining income, employment, education details |
| benefits of IMD | communicates issues of area-based disadvantages to wider public + spatial targeting of resources |
| what does IMD stand for | index of multiple deprivation |
| challenges of IMD | ecological fallacy (only working with area-based data) + lots of components like housing, education + crime (how do we rank its significance?) |
| missing areas of IMD | may not capture all rural issues, does not reflect community support (social capital), statistical methods are designed for large areas so may lose precision in small areas, does not consider ability to access services |
| what causes health inequalities | behavioural risk factors, social + environmental determinants, unequal societies, access to services |
| social determinants - income - as a cause of health inequalities | poverty may limit ability to buy food, where child poverty leads to premature mortality and worse health outcomes in adulthood |
| social determinants - education - as a cause of health inequalities | better education = knowledge for good physical/mental wellbeing AND better income = better housing = better health |
| social determinants - work and labour market - as a cause of health inequalities | workplace hazards affect health , unemployment = poor physical/mental health, low sense of control, sedentary job |
| social determinants - crime- as a cause of health inequalities | directly = violence, indirectly = fear of violence (psychological effects), offenders + victims more likely to live in deprived areas |
| social determinants - social capital - as a cause of health inequalities | resources and connections eg who do you call for advice in an emergency, mental health problems more common in those living alone |
| social capital | community life + social connections |
| unequal societies as a cause of health inequalities | differences in deprivation in societies (relative and absolute) according to a certain threshold + social status, which can lead to psychological stress -> physiological stress, impacting community cohesion (people think things aren't fair) |
| relative deprivation | being poor + disadvantaged compared to those around you |
| absolute deprivation | complete lack of resources needed to survive eg food |
| unequal societies - gender inequality | eg most societies where women still do the majority of childcare |
| how is access to services a cause of health inequalities | those who need good medical care the most are least likely to receive it |
| describe other access issues | services sometimes aren't accessible to people with different needs (people needing interpreters) + some people may had past experiences so avoid services |
| health literacy | knowing what services exist + how to access them |
| life course theory | life is shaped by what happens to you from birth- old age |
| how can you address social determinants in clinical practise | ask in social history, social prescribing (eg volunteering, counselling), address inequitable access to health services (eg using interpreters), partnerships with community groups + public |
Created by:
kablooey
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